Organic light emitting diodes operation and application in displays

• Autorzy: Żmija J. , Małachowski M.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Purpose: The aim of this work is to perform the review of the recent most important results of experimental and theoretical investigations connected with the organic light emitting devices (OLEDs). Design/methodology/approach: The recent achievements in the field of designing, fabricating and clarification of the OLEDs operation have been presented. The possibilities of numerous, present and future applications of these devices have been pointed out. Findings: We show that fundamental differences among organic and inorganic devices result from differences between inorganic and molecular semiconductor materials. No charges are present in OLED devices without charge injection. Emission is due to radiative transitions from the neutral excited states to the ground states. We pointed out the important role that the OLEDs play in display design (even the flexible ones). Research limitations/implications: The main disadvantage of OLEDs is reported to be short their lives (particularly the blue OLED) and weak resistivity to moist but improvements are advancing. Originality/value: Our review concerns the most recent experimental and theoretical publications in the OLED investigation. We also show some recent examples of OLEDs application.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

optoelectronics; organic material; LED; light emitting diodes

PL

optoelektronika; materiały organiczne

• Wydawca: International OCSCO World Press
• Czasopismo: Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
• Rocznik: 2009
• Tom: Vol. 40, nr 1
• Strony: 5--12
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 45 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Żmija J.

autor

Małachowski M.

• Institute of Technical Physics, Military University of Technology, ul. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warszawa, Poland,

Bibliografia

• [1] J. Kalinowski, Electroluminescence in organics, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 32 (1999) 179-250.
• [2] J. Kalinowski, Organic Light Emitting Diodes: Principles, Characteristics and Processes, Marcel Dekker, New York 2005.
• [3] S. Miyata, H.S. Nalwa, Organic Electroluminescent Materials and Devices, Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, 1997.
• [4] J. Shinar, Organic Light-emitting Devices, Springer, Berlin 2004.
• [5] J. Kalinowski, Emission Mechanisms in Organic Light- Emitting Diodes, Organic Electroluminescence, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, 2005.
• [6] J. Godlewski, M. Obarowska, Organic light emitting devices, Opto-Electronics 15/4 (2007) 179-183.
• [7] J. Żmija, M.J. Małachowski, J. Zieliński, M. Wacławek, K. Ścieżka, Organic materials for electronics, Chemistry- Didactics-Ecology-Metrology 11/1-2 (2006) 69-80 (in Polish).
• [8] M.J. Małachowski, J. Żmija, Organic field effect transistors, Opto-Electronics Review (in print).
• [9] T. Urabe, The outstanding potential of OLED displays for TV applications, SID Society for Information Display 24/9 (2008) 14-17.
• [10] A.B. Bernanose, M. Comte, P. Vouaux, Blue emission from light-emitting diodes based on lithium complex, Journal of Chemical Physicsique 50 (1953) 64-69 (in French).
• [11] M. Pope, H. Kallmann, P. Magnate, Electroluminescence in organic crystals, Journal of Chemical Physics 38 (1963) 2042-2043.
• [12] J. Kalinowski, J. Godlewski, R. Signerski, Electroluminescence in tetracene crystals, Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 33 (1976) 247-259.
• [13] R.H. Partrige, Electroluminescence from polyvinylcarbazole films, Polymer 24 (1983) 733-762.
• [14]C.W. Tang, S.A. Van Slyke, Organic electroluminescent diodes, Applied Physics Letters 51 (1987) 913-915.
• [15]J.H. Burroughes, D.D.C. Bradley, A.R. Brown, R.N. Marks, K. Mackey, R.H. Friend, P.L. Burns, A.B. Holmes, Light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers, Nature 347 (1990) 539-541.
• [16]N.C. Greenham, R.H. Friend, In Solid State Physics, Academic Press, New York, London, 1995, 2-150.
• [17]M. Hack, R. Hewitt, K. Urbanik, A. Chwang, J.J. Brown, Full colour top emission AMOLED displays on flexible metal foil, Proceedings of the IMID/IDMC’06 Digest Conference, Daegu, South Korea, 2006, 305-307.
• [18]G. Parthasarathy, P.E. Burrows, V. Khalfin, V.G. Kozlov, S.R. Forrest, A metal-free cathode for organic semiconductor devices, Applied Physics Letters 72 (1998) 2138-2140.
• [19]J. Kalinowski, M. Cocchi, D. Virgili, V. Fattori, J.A.G. Williams, Mixing of excimer and exciplex emission: a New way to improve white light emitting organic electrophosphorescent diodes, Advanced Materials 19 (2007) 4000-4005.
• [20]J. Żmija., J. Zieliński, J. Parka, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, Liquid crystal displays, Physics. Technology Application, PWN, Warsaw, 1993 (in Polish).
• [21]T. Tsujimura, Y. Kobayashi , K. Murayama, A. Tanaka, M. Morooka, E. Fukumoto, H. Fujimoto, J. Sekine, K. Kanoh, K. Takeda, K. Miwa, M. Asano, N. Ikeda, S. Kohara, S. Ono, Ch-T. Chung, R.-M. Chen, J-W. Chung, Ch-W. Huang, H-R. Guo, Ch-Ch. Yang, Ch-Ch. Hsu, H.-J. Huang, W. Riess, H. Riel, S. Karg, T. Beierlein, D. Gundlach, S. Alvarado, C. Rost, P. Mueller, F. Libsch, M. Mastro, R. Polastre, A. Lien, J. Sanford, R. Kaufman, A 20-inch OLED display driven by super-amorphous-Si technology, SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 34 (2003) 6-9.
• [22]H. Chung et al, Development of 40 inch full colour OLED display, Proceedings of the International Meeting “Information Display” IMID 2005, Seul, 2005, 781-783.
• [23]T.K. Hatwar, J. Spindler, S.A. Van Slyke, High performance tandem OLEDs for large area full colour AM displays and lighting applications, Proceedings of the International Meeting “Information Display” IMID 2006 Daegu, 2006, 1582-1585.
• [24]N. Rutherford, Flexible Substrates and Packaging for Organic Displays and Electronics, Information Display 11/05 (2005) 20-24.
• [25]A. Asano, T. Kinoshita, Low-Temperature Polycrystalline-Silicon TFT Colour LCD Panel Made of Plastic Substrates, SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 43 (2002) 1196-1199.
• [26]C.-D. Kim, I.-B. Kang, J. Chung, TFT Technology for Flexible Displays, SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 38 (2007) 1669-1673
• [27] S. Wagner, I.-C. Cheng, A.Z. Kattamis, V. Cannella, Flexible Stainless Steel Substrates for a-Si Display Backplanes, Proceedings of the International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2006, Davos, 2006, 13-18.
• [28]J.S. Yoo, N. Choi, Y.-Ch. Kim, I.-H. Kim, S.-Ch. Byun, S.-H. Jung, J.-M. Kim, S.-Y. Yoon, Ch.-D. Kim, I.-B. Kang, I.-J. Chung, Technological considerations for manufacturing flexible active-matrix OLED displays, Society Information Display 24/9 (2008) 26-31.
• [29]J. Huang, M. Pfeiffer, A. Werner, J. Blochwitz, K. Leo, Low-voltage organic electroluminescent devices using pin structures, Applied Physics Letters 80 (2002) 139-141
• [30]B.W. D'Andrade, S.R. Forrest, A.B. Chwang, Operational stability of electrophosphorescent devices containing p and n doped transport layers, Applied Physics Letters 83 (2003) 3858-3860.
• [31]J. Kido, T. Matsumoto, Bright organic electroluminescent devices having a metal-doped electron-injecting layer, Applied Physics Letters 73 (1998) 2866-2869.
• [32]W. Hu, K. Manabe, T. Furukawa, M. Matsumura, Lowering of operational voltage of organic electroluminescent devices by coating indium-tin-oxide electrodes with a thin CuOx layer, Applied Physics Letters 80 (2002) 2640-2643.
• [33]Z.B. Deng, X.M. Ding, S.T. Lee, W.A. Gambling, Enhanced brightness and efficiency in organic electroluminescent devices using SiO2 buffer layers, Applied Physics Letters 74 (1999) 2227-2230.
• [34]F. Guo, D. Ma, White organic light-emitting diodes based on tandem structures, Applied Physics Letters 87 (2005) 173510-13.
• [35]Ch.-Ch Chang and J.-F. Chen, Sh.-W. Hwang, Ch. H. Chen, Highly efficient white organic electroluminescent devices based on tandem architecture, Applied Physics Letters 87 (2005) 253501-4.
• [36]Ch.-W. Chen, Y.-J. Lu, Ch.-Ch Wu, E. H.-E. Wu, Ch.-W. Chu, Y. Yang, Effective connecting architecture for tandem organic light-emitting devices, Applied Physics Letters 87 (2005) 241121-3.
• [37]T.-Y. Cho, Ch.-L. Lin, Ch.-Ch. Wu, Micro cavity two-unit tandem organic light-emitting devices having a high efficiency, Applied Physics Letters 88 (2006) 111106-9.
• [38]T. Tsutsui, M. Terai, Electric field-assisted bipolar charge spouting in organic thin-film diodes, Applied Physics Letters 84 (2004) 440-443.
• [39]C.W. Law, K.M. Lau, M.K. Fung, M.Y. Chan, F.L. Wong, C.S. Lee, S.T. Lee, Effective organic-based connection unit for stacked organic light-emitting devices, Applied Physics Letters 89 (2006) 133511-4.
• [40]S.L. Lai, M.Y. Chan, M.K. Fung, C.S. Lee, S.T. Lee, Copper hexadecauoro-phthalocyanine and copper phthalocyanine as a pure organic connecting unit in blue tandem organic light-emitting devices, Journal of Applied Physics 101 (2007) 014509-4.
• [41]K. Chung, J. Choi, J. Jung, B. Choi, J. Chung, B.-W. Lee, Ch. Chu, Is AMOLED TV to Enter the Battle for Large-Screen FPD Dominance, Information Display 2/6 (2006) 12-17.
• [42]I. Yagi, N. Hirai, M. Noda, A. Imaoka, Y. Miyamoto, N. Yoneya, K. Nomoto, J. Kasahara, A. Yumoto, T. Urabe, A full-colour, top-emission AMOLED display driven by OTFTs, SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 38 (2007) 1753-1756.
• [43]I. Yagi, N. Hirai, Y. Miyamoto, M. Noda, A. Imaoka, N. Yoneya, K. Nomoto, J. Kasahara, A. Yumoto, T. Urabe, A flexible full-colour AMOLED display driven by OTFTs, Journal of SID 16/1 (2008) 15-19.
• [44]I. Yagi, N. Hirai, M. Noda, A. Imaoka, Y. Miyamoto, N. Yoneya, K. Nomoto, J. Kasahara, A. Yumoto, T. Urabe, A full-colour, top-emission AMOLED display driven by OTFTs, SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 38 (2007) 1753-1755.
• [45]I. Yagi, N. Hirai, Y. Miyamoto, M. Noda, A. Imaoka, N. Yoneya, K. Nomoto, J. Kasahara, A. Yumoto, T. Urabe, A flexible full-colour AMOLED display driven by OTFTs, Journal of SID 16/1 (2008) 15-19.