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Problems with infrastructure financing, pollution and congestion are leading different countries to the implementation of Road Pricing schemes. GNSS appears as one of the most flexible and cost efficient technologies for the implementation of large ETC systems. However, due to the nature of GNSS with random and occasionally large position errors, GNSS based ETC still has some constraints that need to be overcome. The use of a signal with guaranteed integrity, as the one available in WAAS or EGNOS combined with advanced OBU algorithms provides an efficient solution that guarantees the correctness of the charging. This paper presents the results of the trials in which this technology has been used and demonstrates how the probability of overcharging can be controlled and dramatically reduced in a GNSS-only system. These trials have been executed in London, Madrid and The Netherlands.
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Tom
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68--72
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Bibliogr. 12 poz.
Twórcy
Bibliografia
- [1] Volpe Center GPS Vulnerability Report, Agust 2001.
- [2] BEECH T.W. et al. “Integrity: A Key Enabler for Liability Critical Applications”, Proceedings of ION 61st Annual Meeting.
- [3] Transport For London, “Distance Based Charging - Report on Transport for London’s (TfL) GPS OBU Trial”, October 2006. http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/GPS-OBU-trials.pdf
- [4] Requirement Specification ‘Anders Betalen voor Mobiliteit’ Version: 0.2 (draft). 27 March 2006.
- [5] WALTER T. et al., “Future Architectures to Provide Aviation Integrity”, Proceedings of the ION National Technical Meeting, San Diego (CA), 2008.
- [6] RTCA/DO-229D, “Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Global Positioning System/Wide Area Augmentation System Airborne Equipment”, RTCA Incorporated, 2006.
- [7] JASIEWICZ T., RUDZIŃSKI L., JACYNA M.. „Railway Lines”, Publishing house of Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw 2002.
- [8] BARNSLEY M.F., Fractals Everywhere”, Academic Press Professional, Boston 1993.
- [9] MARTÍNEZ-OLAGÜE M.A. et al. “GNSS Based Electronic Toll Collection System of Guaranteed Performances”. ITS World 2007. October 2007.
- [10] CATLING I. et al. “Report of Expert Group 9. Working to support the European Commission on the work on Directive 2004/52/EC. Specification of the EFC application based on satellite technologies. Version 3.2”. eg9015 EG9 report. February 2006. Page 19.
- [11] COSMEN-SCHORTMANN J. et al. “Tool and method for design and analysis of GNSS only Electronic Toll Collection of guaranteed performances”. ITS World 2007. October 2007.
- [12] COSMEN-SCHORTMANN J. et al. “Integrity in urban and road environments and its use in Liability Critical applications”. PLANS 2008. May 2007.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
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bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BSL7-0036-0014