Turbulence in mobile-bed streams

• Autorzy: Dey S. , Das R. , Gaudio R. , Bose S.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

This study is devoted to quantify the near-bed turbulence parameters in mobile-bed flows with bed-load transport. A reduction in near-bed velocity fluctuations due to the decrease of flow velocity relative to particle velocity of the transporting particles results in an excessive near-bed damping in Reynolds shear stress (RSS) distributions. The bed particles are associated with the momentum provided from the flow to maintain their motion overcoming the bed resistance. It leads to a reduction in RSS magnitude over the entire flow depth. In the logarithmic law, the von Karman coefficient decreases in presence of bed-load transport. The turbulent kinetic energy budget reveals that for the bed-load transport, the pressure energy diffusion rate near the bed changes sharply to a negative magnitude, implying a gain in turbulence production. According to the quadrant analysis, sweep events in mobile-bed flows are the principal mechanism of bed-load transport. The universal probability density functions for turbulence parameters given by Bose and Dey have been successfully applied in mobile-bed flows.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

flow characteristics; hydraulic; open-channel flow; sediment transport; stream beds; turbulent flow

• Wydawca: Instytut Geofizyki PAN ; Springer
• Czasopismo: Acta Geophysica
• Rocznik: 2012
• Tom: Vol. 60, no. 6
• Strony: 1547--1588
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 62 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Dey S.

autor

Das R.

autor

Gaudio R.

autor

Bose S.

• Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India,

Bibliografia

• Balachandar, R., and F. Bhuiyan (2007), Higher-order moments of velocity fluctuations in an open-channel flow with large bottom roughness, J. Hydraul. Eng. 133, 1, 77-87, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007) 133:1(77).
• Basset, A.B. (1888), A Treatise on Hydrodynamics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Bennett, S.J., and J.S. Bridge (1995), An experimental study of flow, bedload transport and bed topography under conditions of erosion and deposition and comparison with theoretical models, Sedimentology 42, 1, 117-146, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1995.tb01274.x.
• Bennett, S.J., J.S. Bridge, and J.L. Best (1998), Fluid and sediment dynamics of upper stage plane beds, J. Geophys. Res. 103, C1, 1239-1274, DOI: 10.1029/97JC02764.
• Bergeron, N.E., and P. Carbonneau (1999), The effect of sediment concentration on bedload roughness, Hydrol. Process. 13, 16, 2583-2589, DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199911)13:16<2583::AID-HYP939>3.0.CO;2-S.
• Best, J. (1992), On the entrainment of sediment and initiation of bed defects: insights from recent developments within turbulent boundary layer research, Sedimentology 39, 5, 797-811, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1992.tb02154.x.
• Best, J., S. Bennett, J. Bridge, and M. Leeder (1997), Turbulence modulation and particle velocities over flat sand beds at low transport rates, J. Hydraul. Eng. 123, 12, 1118-1129, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:12(1118).
• Blanckaert, K., and U. Lemmin (2006), Means of noise reduction in acoustic turbulence measurements, J. Hydraul. Res. 44, 1, 13-17, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2006.9521657.
• Bose, S.K., and S. Dey (2010), Universal probability distributions of turbulence in open channel flows, J. Hydraul. Res. 48, 3, 388-394, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2010.481832.
• Calomino, F., R. Gaudio, and A. Miglio (2004), Effect of bed-load concentration on friction factor in narrow channels. In: Proc. Second Int. Conf. Fluvial Hydraul. “River Flow 2004”, 23-5 June 2004, Napoli, Italy, Taylor and Francis, London, 279-285.
• Campbell, L., I. McEwan, V. Nikora, D. Pokrajac, M. Gallagher, and C. Manes (2005), Bed-load effects on hydrodynamics of rough-bed open-channel flows, J. Hydraul. Eng. 131, 7, 576-585, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2005)131:7(576).
• Carbonneau, P.E., and N.E. Bergeron (2000), The effect of bedload transport on mean and turbulent flow properties, Geomorphology 35, 3-4, 267-278, DOI: 10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00046-5.
• Clifford, N.J., J. McClatchey, and J.R. French (1991), Measurements of turbulence in the benthic boundary layer over a gravel bed and comparison between acoustic measurements and predictions of the bedload transport of marine gravels, Sedimentology 38, 1, 161-166, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1991.tb01863.x.
• Crowe, C.T. (1993), Modelling turbulence in multiphase flows. In: W. Rodi and F. Martelli, (eds.), Engineering Turbulence Modelling and Experiments, Vol. 2, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 899-913.
• Detert, M., V. Weitbrecht, and G.H. Jirka (2010), Laboratory measurements on turbulent pressure fluctuations in and above gravel beds, J. Hydraul. Eng. 136, 10, 779-789, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000251.
• Dey, S., and R.V. Raikar (2007), Characteristics of loose rough boundary streams at near-threshold, J. Hydraul. Eng. 133, 3, 288-304., DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:3(288).
• Dey, S., S. Sarkar, and L. Solari (2011), Near-bed turbulence characteristics at the entrainment threshold of sediment beds, J. Hydraul. Eng. 137, 9, 945-958, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000396.
• Drake, T.G., R.L. Shreve, W.E. Dietrich, P.J. Whiting, and L.B. Leopold (1988), Bedload transport of fine gravel observed by motion-picture photography, J. Fluid Mech. 192, 193-217, DOI: 10.1017/S0022112088001831.
• Dwivedi, A., B.W. Melville, and A.Y. Shamseldin (2010), Hydrodynamic forces generated on a spherical sediment particle during entrainment, J. Hydraul. Eng. 136, 10, 756-769, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000247.
• Dwivedi, A., B.W. Melville, A.Y. Shamseldin, and T.K. Guha (2011), Flow structures and hydrodynamic force during sediment entrainment, Water Resour. Res. 47, W01509, DOI: 10.1029/2010WR009089.
• Gallagher, M., I. McEwan, and V. Nikora (1999), The changing structure of turbulence over a self-stabilising sediment bed, Internal Rep. No. 21, Department of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, U.K.
• Gaudio, R., A. Miglio, and F. Calomino (2011), Friction factor and von Kármán’s κ in open channels with bed-load, J. Hydraul. Res. 49, 2, 239-247, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2011.561001.
• Gaudio, R., A. Miglio, and S. Dey (2010), Non-universality of von Kármán’s κ in fluvial streams, J. Hydraul. Res. 48, 5, 658-663, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2010.507338.
• Gore, R.A., and C.T. Crowe (1991), Modulation of turbulence by a dispersed phase, J. Fluids Eng. 113, 2, 304-307, DOI: 10.1115/1.2909497.
• Goring, D.G., and V.I. Nikora (2002), Despiking acoustic Doppler velocimeter data, J. Hydraul. Eng. 128, 1, 117-126, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2002)128:1(117).
• Grass, A.J. (1970), Initial instability of fine bed sand, J. Hydraul. Div. 96, 3, 619-632.
• Grass, A.J. (1971), Structural features of turbulent flow over smooth and rough boundaries, J. Fluid Mech. 50, 2, 233-255, DOI: 10.1017/S0022112071002556.
• Gust, G., and J.B. Southard (1983), Effects of weak bed load on the universal law of the wall, J. Geophys. Res. 88, C10, 5939-5952, DOI: 10.1029/JC088iC10p05939.
• Gyr, A., and A. Schmid (1997), Turbulent flows over smooth erodible sand beds in flumes, J. Hydraul. Res. 35, 4, 525-544, DOI: 10.1080/00221689709498409.
• Heathershaw, A.D., and P.D. Thorne (1985), Sea-bed noises reveal role of turbulent bursting phenomenon in sediment transport by tidal currents, Nature 316, 6026, 339-342, DOI: 10.1038/316339a0.
• Hetsroni, G. (1993), The effect of particles on the turbulence in a boundary layer. In: M.C. Roco (ed.), Particulate Two-Phase Flow, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 244-264.
• Kline, S.J., W.C. Reynolds, F.A. Schraub, and P.W. Runstadler (1967), The structure of turbulent boundary layers, J. Fluid Mech. 30, 4, 741-773, DOI: 10.1017/S0022112067001740.
• Krogstad, P.Å., R.A. Antonia, and L.W.B. Browne (1992), Comparison between rough- and smooth-wall turbulent boundary layers, J. Fluid Mech. 245, 599-617, DOI: 10.1017/S0022112092000594.
• Lacey, R.W.J., and A.G. Roy (2008), Fine-scale characterization of the turbulent shear layer of an instream pebble cluster, J. Hydraul. Eng. 134, 7, 925-936, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2008)134:7(925).
• Lu, S.S., and W.W. Willmarth (1973), Measurements of the structure of the Reynolds stress in a turbulent boundary layer, J. Fluid Mech. 60, 3, 481-511, DOI: 10.1017/S0022112073000315.
• Monin, A.S., and A.M. Yaglom (2007), Statistical Fluid Mechanics, Volume II: Mechanics of Turbulence, Dover Publications, New York, USA.
• Nakagawa, H., and I. Nezu (1977), Prediction of the contributions to the Reynolds stress from bursting events in open-channel flows, J. Fluid Mech. 80, 1, 99-128, DOI: 10.1017/S0022112077001554.
• Nelson, J.M., R.L. Shreve, S.R. McLean, and T.G. Drake (1995), Role of near-bed turbulence structure in bed load transport and bed form mechanics, Water Resour. Res. 31, 8, 2071-2086, DOI: 10.1029/95WR00976.
• Nezu, I., and H. Nakagawa (1993), Turbulence in Open-Channel Flows, Balkema, Rotterdam.
• Nikora, V.I., and D.G. Goring (1999), Effects of bed mobility on turbulence structure, NIWA Internal Rep. No. 48, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Christchurch, New Zealand.
• Nikora, V., and D. Goring (2000), Flow turbulence over fixed and weakly mobile gravel beds, J. Hydraul. Eng. 126, 9, 679-690, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2000)126:9(679).
• Nikora, V., D. Goring, I. McEwan, and G. Griffiths (2001), Spatially averaged openchannel flow over rough bed, J. Hydraul. Eng. 127, 2, 123-133, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2001)127:2(123).
• Owen, P.R. (1964), Saltation of uniform grains in air, J. Fluid Mech. 20, 2, 225-242, DOI: 10.1017/S0022112064001173.
• Papanicolaou, A.N., P. Diplas, C.L. Dancey, and M. Balakrishnan (2001), Surface roughness effects in near-bed turbulence: implications to sediment entrainment, J. Eng. Mech. 127, 3, 211-218, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2001)127:3(211).
• Parker, G., G. Seminara, and L. Solari (2003), Bed load at low Shields stress on arbitrarily sloping beds: Alternative entrainment formulation, Water Resour. Res. 39, 7, 1183, DOI: 10.1029/2001WR001253.
• Pitlick, J. (1992), Flow resistance under conditions of intense gravel transport, Water Resour. Res. 28, 3, 891-903, DOI: 10.1029/91WR02932.
• Pope, S.B. (2001), Turbulent Flows, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Radice, A., and F. Ballio (2008), Double-average characteristics of sediment motion in one-dimensional bed load, Acta Geophys. 56, 3, 654-668, DOI: 10.2478/s11600-008-0015-0.
• Raupach, M.R. (1981), Conditional statistics of Reynolds stress in rough-wall and smooth-wall turbulent boundary layers, J. Fluid Mech. 108, 363-382, DOI: 10.1017/S0022112081002164.
• Robinson, S.K. (1991), The kinematics of turbulent boundary layer structure, NASA TM-103859, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, USA.
• Sarkar, S., and S. Dey (2010), Double-averaging turbulence characteristics in flows over a gravel-bed, J. Hydraul. Res. 48, 6, 801-809, DOI: 10.1080/00221686.2010.526764.
• Schmid, A. (1985), Wandnahe turbulente bewegungsabläufe und ihre bedeutung für die riffelbildung, Ph.D. Thesis, Report R22-85, Institute for Hydromechanics and Water Resources Management, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
• Smith, J.D., and S.R. McLean (1977), Spatially averaged flow over a wavy surface, J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans 82, 12, 1735-1746, DOI: 10.1029/JC082i012p01735.
• Song, T., Y.M. Chiew, and C.O. Chin (1998), Effect of bed-load movement on flow friction factor, J. Hydraul. Eng. 124, 2, 165-175, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1998)124:2(165).
• Song, T., W.H. Graf, and U. Lemmin (1994), Uniform flow in open channels with movable gravel bed, J. Hydraul. Res. 32, 6, 861-876, DOI: 10.1080/00221689409498695.
• Sumer, B.M., L.H.C. Chua, N.-S. Cheng, and J. Fredsøe (2003), Influence of turbulence on bed load sediment transport, J. Hydraul. Eng. 129, 8, 585-596, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2003)129:8(585).
• van Rijn, L.C. (1984), Sediment transport. Part I: bed-load transport, J. Hydraul. Eng. 110, 10, 1431-1456, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:10(1431).
• Wang, Z., and P. Larsen (1994), Turbulent structure of water and clay suspensions with bed load, J. Hydraul. Eng. 120, 5, 577-600, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1994)120:5(577).
• Yang, Y., and M. Hirano (1995), Discussion on ‘Uniform flow in open-channel with movable gravel bed’ by T. Song, W.H. Graf, and U. Lemmin, J. Hydraul. Res. 33, 6, 877-880, DOI: 10.1080/00221689509498557.
• Yang, S.Q., S.K. Tan, and S.Y. Lim (2004), Velocity distribution and dipphenomenon in smooth uniform open channel flows, J. Hydraul. Eng. 130, 12, 1179-1186, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2004)130:12(1179).
• Yeganeh-Bakhtiary, A., H. Gotoh, and T. Sakai (2000), Applicability of Euler-Lagrange coupling multiphase-flow model to bed-load transport under high bottom shear, J. Hydraul. Res. 38, 5, 389-398, DOI: 10.1080/00221680009498320.
• Yeganeh-Bakhtiary, A., B. Shabani, H. Gotoh, and S.S.Y. Wang (2009), A threedimensional distinct element model for bed-load transport, J. Hydraul. Res. 47, 2, 203-212, DOI: 10.3826/jhr.2009.3168.