Results of UHF radar observation of the nocturnal low-level jet for wind energy applications

• Autorzy: Madougou S. , Said F. , Campistron B. , Lothon M. , Kebe Ch.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

We use two series of eight-month UHF radar observations collected during the dry and wet seasons of AMMA field campaign. The ultimate goal is to do preliminary work to know whether the lowest layers are suitable for wind energy applications. Surface wind is usually weak in West Africa, but the regular occurrence of a nocturnal low level jet (NLLJ) could provide interesting conditions for wind energy. This work is two-fold: it first aims at improving our knowledge about the NLLJ in West Africa regarding its structure and its variability during the year. Then, special attention is paid to the first 200 m agl, to study the possibility to use the sub-jet wind as a source of energy. A set of enhanced radiosoundings is taken to help to understand the dynamics and thermodynamics and to find a way to extrapolate the wind at low level, where the UHF radars do not provide data.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

UHF radar; wind potential in Sahel; nocturnal low level jet; Sahel meteorology; wind profiles

• Wydawca: Instytut Geofizyki PAN ; Springer
• Czasopismo: Acta Geophysica
• Rocznik: 2012
• Tom: Vol. 60, no. 5
• Strony: 1413--1453
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 71 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Madougou S.

autor

Said F.

autor

Campistron B.

autor

Lothon M.

autor

Kebe Ch.

• Ecole Nationale Superieure, Universite Abdou Moumouni, Niamey, Niger,

Bibliografia

• Abdou, K., D.J. Parker, B. Brooks, N. Kalthoff, and T. Lebel (2010), The diurnal cycle of lower boundary-layer wind in the West African monsoon, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 136, S1, 66-76, DOI: 10.1002/qj.536.
• Adekoya, L.O., and A.A. Adewale (1992), Wind energy potential of Nigeria, Renew. Energ. 2, 1, 35-39, DOI: 10.1016/0960-1481(92)90057-A.
• Ajayi, O.O. (2009), Assessment of utilization of wind energy resources in Nigeria, Energ. Policy 37, 2, 750-753, DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2008.10.020.
• André, J.C., G. de Moor, P. Lacarrère, and R. Du Vachat (1978), Modeling the 24-hour evolution of the mean and turbulent structures of the planetary boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci. 35, 10, 1861-1883, DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<1861:MTHEOT>2.0.CO;2.
• Archer, C.L., and M.Z. Jacobson (2003), Spatial and temporal distributions of U.S. winds and wind power at 80 m derived from measurements, J. Geophys. Res. 108, 4289, DOI: 10.1029/2002JD002076.
• Arya, S.P. (1988), Introduction to Micrometeorology, International Geophysics Series, Vol. 42, Academic Press, San Diego.
• AWS Scientific Inc. (1997), Wind Resource Assessment Handbook, Albany, USA, www.awsscientific.com.
• Banta, R.M., Y.L. Pichugina, and R.K. Newsom (2003), Relationship between lowlevel jet properties and turbulence kinetic energy in the nocturnal stable boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci. 60, 20, 2549-2555, DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2549:RBLJPA>2.0.CO;2.
• Banta, R.M., Y.L. Pichugina, and W.A. Brewer (2006), Turbulent velocity-variance profiles in the stable boundary layer generated by a nocturnal low-level jet, J. Atmos. Sci. 63, 11, 2700-2719, DOI: 10.1175/JAS3776.1.
• Blackadar, A.K. (1957), Boundary layer wind maxima and their significance for the growth of nocturnal inversions, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 38, 283-290.
• Bonner, W.D. (1968), Climatology of the low level jet, Monthly Weath. Rev. 96, 12, 8330850, DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1968)096<0833:COTLLJ>2.0.CO;2.
• Bousquet, O., and M. Chong (1998), A multiple-Doppler synthesis and continuity adjustment technique (MUSCAT) to recover wind components from Doppler radar measurements, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 15, 2, 343-359, DOI: 10.1175/1520-0426(1998)015<0343:AMDSAC>2.0.CO;2.
• Canut, G., M. Lothon, F. Saïd, and F. Lohou (2010), Observation of entrainment at the interface between monsoon flow and the Saharan Air Layer, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 136, S1, 34-46, DOI: 10.1002/qj.471.
• Chong, M., and O. Bousquet (2001), On the application of MUSCAT to a groundbased dual-Doppler radar system, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 78, 1-2, 133-139, DOI: 10.1007/s007030170011.
• Coulter, R.L., G. Klazura, B.M. Lesht, T.J. Martin, J.D. Shannon, D.L. Sisterson, and M.L. Wesely (1999), The Argonne Boundary Layer Experiments facility: Using minisodars to complement a wind profiler network, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 71, 1-2, 53-59, DOI: 10.1007/s007030050043.
• Couvreux, F., F. Guichard, O. Bock, B. Campistron, J.-P. Lafore, and J.-L. Redelsperger (2010), Synoptic variability of the monsoon flux over West Africa prior to the onset, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 136, S1, 159-173, DOI: 10.1002/qj.473.
• Drechsel, S., G.J. Mayr, J.W. Messner, and R. Stauffer (2012), Wind speeds at heights crucial for wind energy: Measurements and verification of forecasts, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., DOI: 10.1175/JAMC-D-11-0247.1.
• Druilhet, A., and P. Durand (1997), Experimental investigation of atmospheric boundary layer turbulence, Atmos. Res. 43, 4, 345-388, DOI: 10.1016/S0169-8095(96)00041-5.
• Engelstaedter, S., and R. Washington (2007), Atmospheric controls on the annual cycle of North African dust, J. Geophys. Res. 112, D03103, DOI: 10.1029/2006JD007195.
• Flamant, C., P. Knippertz, D.J. Parker, J.-P. Chaboureau, C. Lavaysse, A. Agusti-Panareda, and L. Kergoat (2009), The impact of a mesoscale convective system cold pool on the northward propagation of the intertropical discontinuity over West Africa, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 135, 638, 139-159, DOI: 10.1002/qj.357.
• Formenti, P., J.L. Rajot, K. Desboeufs, S. Caquineau, S. Chevaillier, S. Nava, A. Gaudichet, E. Journet, S. Triquet, S. Alfaro, M. Chiari, J. Haywood, H. Coe, and E. Highwood (2008), Regional variability of the composition of mineral dust from western Africa: Results from the AMMA SOP0/DABEX and DODO field campaigns, J. Geophys. Res. 113, D00C13, DOI: 10.1029/2008JD009903.
• French, A.J., and M.D. Parker (2010), The response of simulated nocturnal convective systems to a developing low-level jet, J. Atmos. Sci. 67, 10, 3384-3408, DOI: 10.1175/2010JAS3329.1.
• Gifford, F.A. (1952), The breakdown of a low-level inversion studied by means of detailed soundings with a modified radiosonde, Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 33, 373-379.
• Gryning, S.-E., E. Batchvarova, B. Brümmer, H. Jørgensen, and S. Larsen (2007), On the extension of the wind profile over homogeneous terrain beyond the surface boundary layer, Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 124, 2, 251-268, DOI: 10.1007/s10546-007-9166-9.
• Gualtieri, G., and S. Secci (2011), Wind shear coefficients, roughness length and energy yield over coastal locations in Southern Italy, Renew. Energ. 36, 3, 1081-1094, DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2010.09.001.
• Heo, B.-H., S. Jacoby-Koaly, K.-E. Kim, B. Campistron, B. Benech, and E.-S. Jung (2003), Use of the Doppler spectral width to improve the estimation of the convective boundary layer height from UHF wind profiler observations, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 20, 3, 408-424, DOI: 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<0408:UOTDSW>2.0.CO;2.
• International Electro-technical Commission IEC 61400-1 (2005-2008), Wind turbines, Part 1. Design requirements, IEC, Geneva, Switzerland.
• Jacoby-Koaly, S., B. Campistron, S. Bernard, B. Bénech, F. Ardhuin-Girard, J. Dessens, E. Dupont, and B. Carissimo (2002), Turbulent dissipation rate in the boundary layer via UHF wind profiler Doppler spectral width measurements, Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 103, 3, 361-389, DOI: 10.1023/A:1014985111855.
• Janicot, S., and B. Sultan (2007), The large-scale context of the West African monsoon in 2006. In: 12th CLIVAR Exchanges, International CLIVAR Project Office, April 2007, Southampton, United Kingdom, 11-17.
• Janicot, S., C.D. Thorncroft, A. Ali, N. Asencio, G. Berry, O. Bock, B. Bourles, G. Caniaux, F. Chauvin, A. Deme, L. Kergoat, J.-P. Lafore, C. Lavaysse, T. Lebel, B. Marticorena, F. Mounier, P. Nedelec, J.-L. Redelsperger, F. Ravegnani, C.E. Reeves, R. Roca, P. De Rosnay, H. Schlager, B. Sultan, M. Tomasini, A. Ulanovsky, and ACMAD Forecasters Team (2008), Large-scale overview of the summer monsoon over West Africa during the AMMA field experiment in 2006, Ann. Geophys. 26, 9, 2569-2595, DOI: 10.5194/angeo-26-2569-2008.
• Kalapureddy, M.C.R., M. Lothon, B. Campistron, F. Lohou, and F. Saïd (2010), Wind profiler analysis of the African Easterly Jet in relation with the boundary-layer and the Saharan heat low, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 136, S1, 77-91, DOI: 10.1002/qj.494.
• Kaplan, M.L., Y.L. Lin., J.J. Charney, K.D. Pfeiffer, D.B. Ensley, D.S. DeCroix, and R.P. Weglarz (2000), A terminal area PBL prediction system at Dallas-Fort Worth and its application in simulating diurnal PBL jets, Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 81, 2179-2204, DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<2179:ATAPPS>2.3.CO;2.
• Kasbadji-Merzouk, N., and M. Merzouk (2006), Estimation du potentiel énergétique éolien utilisable. Application au pompage dans les Hauts Plateaux, Rev. Energ. Renev. 9, 3, 155-163 (in French).
• Kébé, C.M.F., V. Sambou, B. Ould Bilal, P.A. Ndiaye, and M. Los (2008), Evaluation du potentiel éolien du site de Gandon dans la région nord du Sénégal. In: International Meteorology Conference CAFMET 2008, Tunis, Tunisia, 22-24 (in French).
• Kelly, M., and S.-E. Gryning (2010), Long-term mean wind profiles based on similarity theory, Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 136, 3, 377-390, DOI: 10.1007/s10546-010-9509-9.
• Lafore, J.-P., C. Flamant, F. Guichard, D.J. Parker, D. Bouniol, A.H. Fink, V. Giraud, M. Gosset, N. Hall, H. Höller, S.C. Jones, A. Protat, R. Roca, F. Roux, F. Saïd, and C. Thorncroft (2011), Progress in understanding of weather systems in West Africa, Atmos. Sci. Lett. 12, 1, 7-12, DOI: 10.1002/asl.335.
• Lavaysse, C., C. Flamant, S. Janicot, D.J. Parker, J.-P. Lafore, B. Sultan, and J. Pelon (2009), Seasonal evolution of the West African heat low: a climatological perspective, Clim. Dyn. 33, 2-3, 313-330, DOI: 10.1007/s00382-009-0553-4.
• Lebel, T., D.J. Parker, C. Flamant, B. Bourlès, B. Marticorena, E. Mougin, C. Peugeot, A. Diedhiou, J.M. Haywood, J.B. Ngamini, J. Polcher, J.-L. Redelsperger, and C.D. Thorncroft (2010), The AMMA field campaigns: multiscale and multidisciplinary observations in the West African region, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 136, S1, 8-33, DOI: 10.1002/qj.486.
• Livingston, J.T., and T. Anderson (2004), Wind shear, taller turbines, and the effects on wind farm development create a need for taller MET towers, Windtower Composites Report, LLC, Herber City, USA.
• Lohou, F., F. Saïd, M. Lothon, P. Durand, and D. Serça (2010), Impact of boundarylayer processes on near-surface turbulence within the West African monsoon, Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 136, 1, 1-23, DOI: 10.1007/s10546-010-9493-0.
• Lothon, M., F. Saïd, F. Lohou, and B. Campistron (2008), Observation of the diurnal cycle in the low troposphere of West Africa, Monthly Weath. Rev. 136, 9, 3477-3500, DOI: 10.1175/2008MWR2427.1.
• Lothon, M., B. Campistron, M. Chong, F. Couvreux, F. Guichard, C. Rio, and E. Williams (2011), Life cycle of a mesoscale circular gust front observed by a C-band Doppler radar in West Africa, Monthly Weath. Rev.139, 5, 1370-1388, DOI: 10.1175/2010MWR3480.1.
• Lundquist, J.K. (2003), Intermittent and elliptical inertial oscillations in the atmospheric boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci. 60, 21, 2661-2673, DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2661:IAEIOI>2.0.CO;2.
• Mahrt, L. (1981), The early evening boundary layer transition, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 107, 452, 329-343, DOI: 10.1002/qj.49710745205.
• Mahrt, L., R.C. Heald, D.H. Lenschow, B. Stankov, and I.B. Troen (1979), An observational study of the structure of the nocturnal boundary layer, Bound.-Layer. Meteorol. 17, 2, 247-264, DOI: 10.1007/BF00117983.
• Marticorena, B., B. Chatenet, J.L. Rajot, S. Traoré, M. Coulibaly, A. Diallo, I. Koné, A. Maman, T. Ndiaye, and A. Zakou (2010), Temporal variability of mineral dust concentrations over West Africa: analyses of a pluriannual monitoring from the AMMA Sahelian Dust Transect, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 8899-8915, DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-8899-2010.
• May, P.T. (1995), The Australian nocturnal jet and diurnal variations of boundarylayer winds over Mt. Isa in North-eastern Australia, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 121, 525, 987-1003, DOI: 10.1002/qj.49712152503.
• Miller, M.A., and A. Slingo (2007), The ARM Mobile Facility and its first international deployment: Measuring radiative flux divergence in West Africa, Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 88, 8, 1229-1244, DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-88-8-1229.
• Miller, M.A., A. Slingo, J.C. Barnard, and E. Kassianov (2009), Seasonal contrast in the surface energy balance of the Sahel, J. Geophys. Res. 114, D00E05, DOI: 10.1029/2008JD010521.
• Ngala, G.M., B. Alkali, and M.A. Aji (2007), Viability of wind energy as a power generation source in Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria, Renew. Energ. 32, 13, 2242-2246, DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2006.12.016.
• Parker, D.J., R.R. Burton, A. Diongue-Niang, R.J. Ellis, M.A. Felton, C.M. Taylor, C.D. Thorncroft, P. Bessemoulin, and A.M. Tompkins (2005), The diurnal cycle of the West African monsoon circulation, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 131, 611, 2839-2860, DOI: 10.1256/qj.04.52.
• Parker, D.J., A. Fink, S. Janicot, J.-B. Ngamini, M. Douglas, E. Afiesimama, A. Agusti-Panareda, A. Beljaars, F. Dide, A. Diedhiou, T. Lebel, J. Polcher, J.-L. Redelsperger, C. Thorncroft, and G.A. Wilson (2008), The AMMA radiosonde program and its implications for the future of atmospheric monitoring over Africa, Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 89, 7, 1015-1027, DOI: 10.1175/2008BAMS2436.1.
• Paulson, C.A. (1970), The mathematical representation of wind speed and temperature in the unstable atmospheric surface layer, J. Appl. Meteor. 9, 6, 857-861, DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1970)009<0857:TMROWS>2.0.CO;2.
• Peyrillé, P., and J.-P. Lafore (2007), An idealized two-dimensional framework to study the West African monsoon. Part II: Large-scale advection and the diurnal cycle, J. Atmos. Sci. 64, 2783-2803, DOI: 10.1175/JAS4052.1.
• Pospichal, B., D. Bou Karam, S. Crewell, C. Flamant, A. Hünerbein, O. Bock, and F. Saïd (2010), Diurnal cycle of the intertropical discontinuity over West Africa analysed by remote sensing and mesoscale modelling, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 136, S1, 92-106, DOI: 10.1002/qj.435.
• Rácz, Z., and R.K. Smith (1999), The dynamics of heat lows, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 125, 553, 225-252, DOI: 10.1002/qj.49712555313.
• Rajot, J.-L., P. Formenti, S. Alfaro, K. Desboeufs, S. Chevaillier, B. Chatenet, A. Gaudichet, E. Journet, B. Marticorena, S. Triquet, A. Maman, N. Mouget, and A. Zakou (2008), AMMA dust experiment: An overview of measurements performed during the dry season special observation period (SOP0) at the Banizoumbou (Niger) supersite, J. Geophys. Res. 113, D00C14, DOI: 10.1029/2008JD009906.
• Ramier, D., N. Boulain, B. Cappelaere, F. Timouk, M. Rabanit, C.R. Lloyd, S. Boubkraoui, F. Métayer, L. Descroix, and V. Wawrzyniak (2009), Towards an understanding of coupled physical and biological processes in the cultivated Sahel – 1. Energy and water, J. Hydrol. 375, 1-2, 204-216, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.002.
• Redelsperger, J.-L., C.D. Thorncroft, A. Diedhiou, T. Lebel, D.J. Parker, and J. Polcher (2006), African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis: An international research project and field campaign, Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 87, 12, 1739-1746, DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-87-12-1739.
• Rehman, S., and N.M. Al-Abbadi (2008), Wind shear coefficient, turbulence intensity and wind power potential assessment for Dhulom, Saudi Arabia, Renew. Energ. 33, 12, 2653-2660, DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2008.02.012.
• Shapiro, A., and E. Fedorovich (2010), Analytical description of a nocturnal lowlevel jet, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 136, 650, 1255-1262, DOI: 10.1002/qj.628.
• Song, J., K. Liao, R.L. Coulter, and B.M. Lesht (2005), Climatology of the low-level jet at the Southern Great Plains Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiments site, J. Appl. Meteor. 44, 10, 1593-1606, DOI: 10.1175/JAM2294.1.
• Stensrud, D.J. (1996), Importance of low-level jets to climate: A review, J. Climate 9, 8, 1698-1711, DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<1698:IOLLJT>2.0.CO;2.
• Storm, B., and S. Basu (2010), The WRF model forecast-derived low-level wind shear climatology over the United States Great Plains, Energies 3, 2, 258-276, DOI: 10.3390/en3020258.
• Washington, R., and M.C. Todd (2005), Atmospheric controls on mineral dust emission from the Bodélé Depression, Chad: The role of the low level jet, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, 17, L17701, DOI: 10.1029/2005GL023597.
• Washington, R., M.C. Todd, S. Engelstaedter, S. M’Bainayel, and F. Mitchell (2006), Dust and the low level circulation over the Bodele Depression, Northern Chad, J. Geophys. Res. 111, D03201, DOI: 10.1029/2005JD006502.
• Whiteman, C.D., X. Bian, and S. Zhong (1997), Low-level jet climatology from enhanced rawinsonde observations at a site in the Southern Great Plains, J. Appl. Meteor. 36, 10, 1363-1376, DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036<1363:LLJCFE>2.0.CO;2.
• World Wind Energy Association (2010), World Wind Energy Report 2010, www.wwindea.org/home/images/stories/pdfs/worldwindenergyreport2010_s.pdf.
• Yamartino, R.J. (1984), A comparison of several “single-pass” estimators of the standard deviation of wind direction, J. Appl. Meteorol. 23, 9, 1362-1366, DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1984)023<1362:ACOSPE>2.0.CO;2.
• Youm, I., J. Sarr, M. Sall, A. Ndiaye, and M.M. Kane (2005), Analysis of wind data and wind energy potential along the northern coast of Senegal, Rev. Energ. Ren. 8, 95-108.
• Zhong, S., J.D. Fast, and X. Bian (1996), A case study of the Great Plains low-level jet using wind profiler network data and a high resolution mesoscale model, Montly Weath. Rev. 124, 5, 785-806, DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<0785:ACSOTG>2.0.CO;2.