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Tunele zatapiane: krótka historia rozwoju technologii
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
The first tunnel made of segments, which were sunken and then merged under water, was built in 1896. It was a passage for conducting sewerage under Boston Harbor. The first tunnel for passenger traffic was constructed ten years later, also in the United States. Since then more than one hundred immersed tunnels of different size and length have been built worldwide. But the rise of "build-and-sink" technology is much older than that. Before the Boston Harbor tunnel was built the method has been theoretically elaborated in numerous patents and subsequent proposals. After that practically verified and perfected to the present form. Today's "build-and-sink" technology allows constructing floating immersed tunnels, buried in a sub aqueous trench or simply laid on the bottom. The case of immersed technology is shown as an example of a technique, which was invented ahead of its time.
Pierwszy tunel wykonany w technologii zatapianych segmentów został wykonany w 1896 roku. Był to krótki odcinek kanału ściekowego w Bostonie. 10 lat później zbudowano tą metodą pierwszy tunel kolejowy, również w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Od tamtej pory na całym świecie powstało przeszło 100 konstrukcji tego typu. Początki technologii budowy tuneli poprzez zatapiania na dnie zbiornika wodnego gotowych segmentów sięgają początków XIX wieku. Teoretyczne rozważania, dziesiątki projektów i kilka nieudanych prób sprawiły, że zanim technologia ta została wdrożona, była szczegółowo opracowana a jej podstawowe założenia opatentowane. Dzieje rozwoju technologii tunelu zatapialnego to doskonały przykład koncepcji wyprzedzającej swoje czasy.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
97--110
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 40 poz., rys.
Twórcy
autor
- Uniwersytet Zielonogórski, Instytut Budownictwa, 65-245 Zielona Góra, ul. Prof. Z. Szafrana 2, S.Lotysz@ib.uz.zgora.pl
Bibliografia
- 1. ANDERSON H.: Improvements in Subaqueous tunnels, US patent number 131322, issued September 17, 1872.
- 2. Another Pneumatic Railway in London - "Scientific American " 8.07.1865, p. 18.
- 3. Atmospheric Railway Tube Without Valve - "Mechanic's Magazine " 20.06.1846. pp. 488-490.
- 4. BABUT DU MARES J.: Systeme de tunnels tubulaires a poser sur les fleuves et bras de mer pour y faire passer specialement des wagons de chemin de fer par des forces pneumatiques. French patent number 90440, issued June 20, 1870.
- 5. BABUT DU MARES J.: Avant-projet d'un tunnel reliant les chemins de fer de France et d'Angleterre. Paris 1867.
- 6. BUCKELEW C.H.: Submarine Tunnel. US patent number: 634, 322 issued October 3, 1899.
- 7. DICKENS CH.: Household Words. - "A Weekly Journal", 1850, p. 296.
- 8. Deer Island Dam. - "Boston Daily Globe" 14.07.1893, p. 8.
- 9. Deer Island Sewer Outlet - "Boston Daily Globe" 15.07.1893, p. 5.
- 10. De GAMOND T.: Memoire sur les Plans du Projet Nouveau d'un Tunnel Sous-marin entre l'Angleterre et la France. Paris 1869.
- 11. GIES J.: Adventure Underground. London: Robert Hale Limited 1962.
- 12. GLERUM A., Developments in Immersed Tunneling in Holland. - "Tunneling and Underground Space Technology". Oct. 1995, Vol. 10, No 4, p. 455.
- 13. GRANTZ W.C.: The Immersed-Tunnel Method - "Invention & Technology Magazine" Vol. 12, Issue 1 (Summer 1996).
- 14. GURSOY A.: Immersed Steel Tube Tunnels: An American Experience. - "Tunneling and Underground Space Technology." Vol. 10, No 4, 1995. p. 439.
- 15. GURSOY A.: Structural Design of Immersed Tunnels. - "Tunneling and Underground Space Technology." Vol. 12, No. 2 (1995), p. 95.
- 16. Holcomb's Submarine Carriage Way. - "Scientific American" 6.06.1857, p. 305
- 17. HALL H.H., Apparatus for laying Submarine Tunnels and tubes. US patent number 311656, issued Feb 3, 1885.
- 18. The Hall Subaqueous Tunneling System. - "Manufacturer and Builder" 3.1886, pp. 49-50.
- 19. Another Submarine Tunnel. -"Manufacturer and Builder." 1.1871, p. 5.
- 20. LEMOINE B.: Le tunnel sous la Manche. - "Monuments Historiques". Mars-Avril 1992, pp. 94-96.
- 21. LOTYSZ S.: Forgotten inventor from Long Island. -"The Freeholder: the journal of The Oyster Bay Historical Society." Summer 2003, pp. 3-5.
- 22. MILLER J.: Submarine Tunnel. US Patent number 9899, issued Aug 2, 1853.
- 23. MOESER H.: Tunnel. US patent number 447735, issued March 3, 1891.
- 24. Mr. de la Haye's Submarine Railway Between England and France. Further Details. "Mechanic's Magazine." Vol. 46, 1847, pp. 566-568.
- 25. The Pneumatic Railway. - "Scientific American." 3.11.1866, p. 298.
- 26. The Pneumatic Sub-aqueous Tube. - "Scientific American." 16.03.1867, p. 165.
- 27. Pneumatic versus Locomotive Railways. - "Mechanic's Magazine." 17.11.1865, p. 307
- 28. POWELL R.: Construction and Laying of Subaqueous Tunnels. US patents number 485983, issued November 8, 1992.
- 29. Revival in Cincinnati. - "Brooklyn Eagle " 7.03.1870, p. 2.
- 30. ROWLAND T.F.: Improved Sub-aqueous Tube. US patent number 73,656 issued January 21, 1868.
- 31. SPEAR CH.: Improvement in Submarine Tunnel. US patent number 101174, issued March 22, 1870.
- 32. Sub-Aqueous and Other Tunnels. - "Scientific American " 11.01.1868, p. 18.
- 33. Sub-aqueous and Other Tunnels: Proposed Tunnels Between New York, Brooklyn and Jersey City. - "Scientific American" 25.01.1868, p. 50.
- 34. Sub-marine Pneumatic Passenger Tubes. - "Scientific American" 12.01.1867. p. 19.
- 35. Submarine Tube from France to England. - "Manufacturer and Builder " 8.1876. p. 178.
- 36. Submarine tunneling. - "Manufacturer and Builder." 7.1887. p. 166.
- 37. TRAUTWINE J.C.: Improvement in Subaqueous Tunnels. US patent number 181,498 issued August 22, 1876.
- 38. A tunnel from Brooklyn to Hoboken. - "Brooklyn Eagle" 5.07.1870, p. 2.
- 39. Under The Bay of San Francisco: Will Commuters Travel with the Speed of Lighting Beneath the Waves Sealed in an Air-Tight Tube? -"Oakland Tribune." 3.06.1905, p. 8.
- 40. WEST G.: Innovation and the Rise of the Tunneling Industry. Cambridge , New York: Cambridge University Press 2005.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BPZ4-0016-0029