Geothermal heat pumps technologies and development

• Autorzy: Sanner B.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Geothermal Heat Pumps, or Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP), are systems combining a heat pump with a ground heat exchanger (closed loop systems), or fed by ground water from a well (open loop systems). They use the Earth as a heat source when operating in heating mode, with a fluid (usually water or a water-antifreeze-mixture)as the media transferring the heat from the earth to the evaporator of the heat pump, utilizing that way geothermal energy. In cooling mode, they use the earth as a heat sink. With BHE geothermal heat pumps can offer both heating and cooling at virtually any location, with great flexibility to meet any demands. More than 25 years od R&D focusing on BHE in Europe resulted in a well-established concept of sustainability for this technology, as well as sound design and installation criteria. Recent developments are the Thermal Response Test, which allows in situ-determination of ground thermal properties for design purposes, and thermally enhanced grouting materials to reduce borehole thermal resistance. Despite the use of geothermal heat pumps for over 50 years now (first in USA), market penetration of this technology, is still at its infancy, with fossil fuels dominating the market of heating of buildings and air-to-air heat pumps dominating the market of gooling of buildings. In some countries, namely Germany, SWitzerland, Austria, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, France and USA, already larger numbers of geothermal heat pumps are operational. In these countries meanwhile installation guidelines, quality control and contractor certification becomes a major issue.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

geothermal heat pumps; heat pumps; heat exchanger

PL

pompa ciepła geotermalna; pompa ciepła gruntowa; wymiennik ciepła

• Wydawca: Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN
• Czasopismo: Technika Poszukiwań Geologicznych
• Rocznik: 2004
• Tom: R. 43, nr 5-6
• Strony: 26--34
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 30 poz., rys.

Twórcy

autor

Sanner B.

• Lahnau, Germany http://www.sanner-geo.de

Bibliografia

• 1. SANNER B., 2001 - Some history of shallow geothermal energy use. [In:] POPOVSKI, K. & SANNER, B. (eds.), International Geothermal Days Germany 2001 Bad Urach, Supplement pp. 3-12, GtV, Geeste.
• 2. KEMLER E. N., 1947 - Methods of Earth Heat Recovery for the Heat Pump. Heating and Ventilating, Sept. 1947, S. 69-72, New York.
• 3. KNOBLICH K., SANNER B., KLUGESCHEID M., 1993 - Energetische, hydrologische und geologische Untersuchungen zum Entzug von Wärme aus dem Erdreich. Giessener Geologische Schriften 49, 192 p., Giessen.
• 4. RYBACH L., HOPKIRK R., 1995 - Shallow and deep borehole heat exchangers - achievements and prospects. Proc. World Geothermal Congress 1995, 2133-2139.
• 5. RYBACH L., EUGSTER W.J., 1997 - Borehole heat exchangers to tap shallow geothermal resources: The Swiss success story. [In:] S.F. Simmons, O.E. Morgan & M.G. Dunstall (eds.): Proc. 19th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop. Auckland, 63-69.
• 6. CLAESSON J., ESKILSON P., 1988 - Conductive Heat Extraction to a Deep Borehole, Thermal Analysis and Dimensioning Rules. Energy 13/6, 509-527.
• 7. ESKILSON P., CLAESSON J., 1988 - Simulation Model for thermally interacting heat extraction boreholes. Numerical Heat Transfer 13, 149-165.
• 8. GILBY D.J., HOPKIRK R.J., 1985 - The coaxial vertical heat probe with solar recharge, numerical simulation and performance evaluation. Proc. 2nd WS on SAHPGCS Vienna, 443-456.
• 9. HOPKIRK R.J., EUGSTER W.J., RYBACH L., 1988 - Vertical Earth heat probes: measurements and prospects in Switzer- land. Proc. 4th int. Conf. Energy Storage JIGASTOCK 88, 367-371.
• 10. SANNER B., 1986 - Schwalbach Ground-Coupled Heat Pump (GCHP) Research Station. - Newsletter IEA Heat Pump Centre 4/4, pp. 8-10, Karlsruhe.
• 11 SANNER B., REUSS M., MANDS E., MÜLLER J., 2000 - Thermal Response Test - Experiences in Germany. Proc. TERRA-STOCK 2000, pp. 177-182, Stuttgart.
• 12. EKLÖF C., GEHLIN S., 1996 - TED - a mobile equipment for thermal response test. 62 p., Master's thesis 1996:198E, Luleć University of Technology.
• 13. AUSTIN W., 1998 - Development of an in-situ system for measuring ground thermal properties. 64 p., MSc-thesis, OSU, Stillwater OK.
• 14. HELLSTRÖM G., SANNER B., 1994 - Software for dimensioning of deep boreholes for heat extraction. Proc. CALORSTOCK 94, pp. 195-202, Espoo/Helsinki.
• 15. HELLSTRÖM G., SANNER B., KLUGESCHEID M., GONKA T., MARTENSSON S., 1997 - Experiences with the borehole heat exchanger software EED. Proc. MEGASTOCK 97, pp. 247-252, Sapporo.
• 16. VDI, 2001 -Thermische Nutzung des Untergrundes / Thermal Use of the Underground - Guideline, German Association of Engineers VDI, part 2. Beuth Verlag, Berlin.
• 17. ALLEN J.R., 1920 - Theory of Heat Loss from Pipe Buried in the Ground. Journal ASHVE 26, 455-469 and 588-596.
• 18. INGERSOLL L.R., PLASS H.J., 1948 - Theory of the ground pipe source for the heat pump. ASHVE Trans. 54, 339-348.
• 19. INGERSOLL L.R., ADLER F.T., PLASS H.J., INGERSOLL A.C., 1950 - Theory of earth heat exchangers for the heat pump. ASHVE Trans. 56, 167-188.
• 20. CLAESSON J., ESKILSON P., 1988 - PC Design Model for Heat Extraction Boreholes. - Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Energy Storage JIGASTOCK 88, 135-137.
• 21. CLAESSON J., ESKILSON P., HELLSTRÖM G., 1990 - PC Design Model for Heat Extraction Boreholes. Proc. 3rd WS on SAHPGCS Göteborg, CIT 1990:3, 99-102.
• 22. CLAESSON J., 1991 - PC design model for thermally interacting deep ground heat exchangers. - lea heat pump centre report HPC-WR-8, 95-104.
• 23. HELLSTRÖM G., 1991 - PC-Modelle zür Erdsondenauslegung. IZW Bericht 3/91, 229-238.
• 24. ESKILSON P., 1987 - Thermal Analysis of Heat Extraction Boreholes. 264 p., PhD-thesis Lund-MPh-87/13, Lund University of Technology.
• 25. ESKILSON P., CLAESSON J., 1988 - Simulation Model for thermally interacting heat extraction boreholes. Numerical Heat Transfer 13, 149-165.
• 26. HELLSTRÖM G., SANNER B., 1994 - Software for dimensioning of deep boreholes for heat extraction. Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Energy Storage CALORSTOCK 94, 195-202.
• 27. SANNER B., HELLSTRÖM G., 1996 - „Earth Energy Designer", eine Software zür Berechnung von Erdwarmesondenanlagen. Proc. 4. Geothermische Fachtagung Konstanz, GtV, 326-333.
• 28. BREHM D.R., 1989 - Entwicklung, Validierung und Anwendung eines dreidimensionalen, strömungsgekoppelten finite Differenzen Warmetransportmodells. Giessener Geologische Schriften 43, 120 p.
• 29. HELLSTRÖM G., SANNER B., KLUGESCHEID M., GONKA T., MARTENSSON S., 1997 - Experiences with the borehole heat exchanger software EED. Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Energy Storage MEGASTOCK 97, 247-252.
• 30. SZAUTER S., 1998 - Untersuchungen der gegenseitigen Beeinflussung von EW-Sonden durch Grundwasserfluβ bei dichter Bebauung. 92 p., Dipl. thesis, Giessen University.

Uwagi

• W wykazie literatury powtórzono nast. pozycje bibliograficzne: 7= 25; 14 = 26; 15=29.

• Na str. 3-16 tłumaczenie artykułu na j. polski.