Geothermal direct-heat utilization

• Autorzy: Lund J. W.
• Konferencja: Międzynarodowe Dni Geotermalne POLSKA 2004 / International Geothermal Deus POLAND 2004
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Direct utilization of geothermal energy consists of various form for heating and cooling instead of converting the energy for electric power generation. The major areas of direct utilization are (1) swimming, bathing and balneology, (2) space heating and cooling including district heating, (3) agriculture applications, (4) aquaculture applications, (5) industrial processes and (6) heat pumps. Major direct utilization projects exploiting geothermal energy exist in about 60 countries, and the estimated installed thermal power is 15,145 MWt utilizing over 52,000 kg/s of fluid. The worldwide thermal energy used is estimated to be least 190,700 TJ/yr (53,000 GWh/yr) - saving 13.5 milion TOE/yr. The majority of this energy use is for space heating (37%), and swimming and bathing (22%). In the USA, the installed thermal power is 5,366 MWt, and the annual energy use is 20,300 TJ (5,640 GWh). The majority of the use (59%) is for the heat pumps (both ground coupled and water source), with bathing and swimming, and fish farming each supplying about 13%.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

geothermal energy; direct use; balneology; space heating; district heating; industrial processes; heat pumps

PL

energia geotermalna; balneologia; ogrzewanie pomieszczeń; sieć ciepłownicza; przetwóstwo przemysłowe; szklarnie; hodowla wodna

• Wydawca: Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN
• Czasopismo: Technika Poszukiwań Geologicznych
• Rocznik: 2004
• Tom: R. 43, nr 4
• Strony: 19--33
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 33 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Lund J. W.

• Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls, OR, USA

Bibliografia

• 1. BOYD T. L., 1999 - The Oregon Institute of Technology Geothermal Heating System -Then and Now, Geo-Heat Center Quarterly Bulletin, Vol. 20, No. 1, Klamath Falls, OR, pp. 10-13.
• 2. CULVER G.G., REISTAD G.M., 1978 - Evaluation and Design of Downhole Heat Exchangers for Direct Applications, Geo-Heat Center, Klamath Falls, OR.
• 3. DUNSTALL M.G., FREESTON D.M., 1990 - U-Tube Downhole Heat Exchanger Performance in a 4-in. Weil, Rotorua, New Zealand, Proceedings of the 12th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop: 229-232.
• 4. FREESTON D.H., 1996 - Direct Uses of Geothermal Energy 1995, Geothermics, 25(2): 189-214.
• 5. FRIMANNSSON H., 1991 - Hitaveita Reykjavikur After 60 Years of Operation - Development and Benefits, Geo-Heat Center Ouarterly Bulletin, Vo. 13(4), 1-7.
• 6. Geo-Heat Center, 1997 - Ouarterly Bulletin, 19(1), Geothermal Direct-Use Equipment: 38 p.
• 7. Geo-Heat Center, 1999 - Downhole Heat Exchangers, Geo-Heat Center Ouarterly Bulletin, Vol. 20, No. 3 (September), Klamath Falls, OR, 28 p.
• 8. GUDMUNDSSON J.S., FREESTON D.H., LIENAU P.J., 1985 - The Lindal Diagram, Geothermal Resources Council Transaction, 9(1): 15-19.
• 9. GUDMUNDSSON J.S., LUND J.W., 1985 - Direct Uses of Earth Heat, Energy Research, 9: 345-375.
• 10. KAVANAUGH S., RAFFERTY K., 1997 - Ground-Source Design of Geothermal Systems for Commercial and Institutional Buildings, ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA: 167 p.
• 11. LaPLAIGE P., JAUDIN F„ DESPLAN A., DEMANGE J., 2000 - The French Geothermal Experience: Review and Perspective, Proc. of the World Geothermal Congress 2000, pp. 283-296.
• 12. LIENAU P.J., LUND J.W., GENE CULVER G., 1995 - Geothermal Direct Use in the United States, Update: 1990-1994, Proc. World Geothermal Congress 1995: 363-372.
• 13. LUND J.W., 1990 - Geothermal Spaś in Czechoslovakia, Geo-Heat Center Ouarterly Bulletin, 12(2): 20-24.
• 14. LUND J.W., 1995 - Onion Dehydration, Geothermal Resources Council Transaction, 19: 69-74.
• 15. LUND J.W., KLEIN R., 1995 - Prawn Park - Taupo. New Zealand, Geo-Heat Center Ouarterly Bulletin, 16(4): 27-29.
• 16. LUND J.W., RANGEL M.A., 1995 - Pilot Fruit Drier for the Los Azufres Geothermal Field, Mexico, Proc. of the World Geothermal Congress 1995: 2335-2338.
• 17. LUND J.W., 1996a - Hitaveita Reykjavikur and the Nesjave!lir Geothermal Co-Generation Power Plant. Geo-Heat Center Ouarterly Bulletin. Vol. 17(4): 7-13.
• 18. LUND J.W., 1996b - Balneological Use of Thermal and Minera: Waters in the USA, Geothermics, 25(1): 103-148.
• 19. Lund J.W., Lienau P.J., Lunis B.C. (editors), 1998 - Geothermal Direct-Use Engineering and Design Guidebook. Geo-Heat Center, Klamath Falls, OR: 470 p.
• 20. LUND J.W., 1999 - Geothermal Use in Klamath Falls, Oregon. Technika Poszukiwań Geologicznych. Geosynoptyka i Geotermia, Vol. 4-5, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland, pp. 69-76.
• 21. LUND J.W., BOYD T.L., 2000 - Geothermal Direct-Use in the United States, Update: 1995-1999, Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress 200, Japan.
• 22. LUND J.W., FREESTON D.H., 2001 - Worldwide Direct Uses of Geothermal Energy 2000, Geothermics, Vol. 30, No. 1, Elsevier Science Inc., Oxford, UK, pp. 29-68.
• 23. MERTOGLU O., DOKUZ I., CANLAN A., BAKIR N., KAYA T., OZBECK T., 1999 - Geothermal Applications in Turkey: The Technology and Economics. Proc. of the European Geothermal Conference, Basel, 1999, Vol. 1, Bulletin d’Hydrogeologie No. 17, Peter Lang. Berne, pp. 57-64.
• 24. MUFFLER L.P.J. editor, 1979 - Assessment of Geothermal Resources of the United States - 1978, USGS Circular 790, Arlington, VA.
• 25. RAFFERTY K., 1983 - Absorption Refrigeration: Cooling with Hot Water, Geo-Heat Center Ouarterly Bulletin, Vol. 8(1): 17-20.
• 26. RAFFERTY K., 1998 - Chapter 13: Absorption Refrigeration. Geothermal Direct-Use Engineering and Design Guidebook, Geo-Heat Center, Klamath Falls, OR, pp. 299-306.
• 27. RAGNARSSON A., 2000 - Iceland Country Update, Proc. of the World Geothermal Congress 2000, Japan, pp. 363-376.
• 28. RAGNARSSON A., HROLFSSON I., 1998 - Akranes and Borgarfjordur District Heating System, Geo-Heat Center Ouarterly Bulletin, Vol. 19, No. 4 (December), Klamath Falls, OR, pp. 10-13.
• 29. RYAN G.P., 1981 - Equipment Used in Direct Heat Projects, Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, 5: 483-485.
• 30. RYBACH. L., SANNER B., 2000 - Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems - The European Experience, Geo-Heat Center Ouarterly Bulletin, Vol. 21, No. 1 (March), Klamath Falls, OR, pp. 16-26.
• 31. STEFANSSON V., 1999 - Economic Aspects of Geothermal Development. International Workshop on the Direct Use of Geothermal Energy, Ljublijana, Slovenia, (Nov.), p. 19.
• 32. TAGUCHI S., ITOI R., YSA Y., 1996 - Beppu Hot Springs, Geo-Heat Center Ouarterly Bulletin, (17(2): 1-6.
• 33. TREXLER D.T., FLYNN T., HENDRIX J.W., 1990 - Heap Leaching, Geo-Heat Center Ouarterly Bulletin, 12(4): 1-4.

Uwagi

Artykuł był publikowany w obu wersjach językowych w materiałach międzynarodowej konferencji pn. "Międzynarodowe Dni Geotermalne POLSKA 2004" (The paper was in proceedings of International Geothermal Deus POLAND 2004).