Role of hard coal and brown coal in Polish energy sector

• Autorzy: Mokrzycki E.

Warianty tytułu

PL

Rola węgla kamiennego i węgla brunatnego w krajowej energetyce

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The energy problems must be considered globally, both with respect to the sources of energy and functionating markets and with respect to the environmental protection. The energy fossil raw materials, as compared with the remaining prime energy carries, are decisive for the development of the word economy. The world reserves of the hard coal in 2001 were estimated to be equal to 5191 Gt, off which nearly half (2459 Gt) were located in Asia and Eastern Europe, including the Russian Federation. The enormous reserves of hard coal are found in North America (1202 Gt), which constitutes more than 23% of the world hard coal reserves. The worldwide production of hard coal in 2000 amounted to 3639 Mt, including 3142 Mt of steam coal and 497 Mt of coking coal. The considerable increase in the production of hard coal occurred in Australia, Africa, Asia and North America. In Europe, for the period of 20 years of the last century, the drio in hard coal production by 292 Mt was reported. The consumption of coal in the work in 2000 amounted to 3738 Mt, including steam coal at the rate of 3220 Mt and coking coal at the rate of 518 Mt. Europe reduced the consumption of coal by 193 Mt, including 148 Mt of steam coal and 45 Mt of coking coal, which was due to the considerable restructing of the mining industry in the EU countries. The domestic reserves as at 2000 exceeded 39.3 Gtoe, off which more than 99.5% are the coal reserves. The remaining, primary energy carriers, i.e. crude oil and natural gas both constitute as little as 0.51% of the national reserves of energy carrying raw materials. The domestic balance reserves of hard coal as at December 31 1999 were equal to 18 152 Mt, including industrial reserves equal to 8 354 Mt. The geology reserves of brown coal are found in 78 deposits and amount to the total of over 13 984.14 Mt, including the reserves recognized in detail (4455 Mt). The industry reserves of the developed deposits are equal to 1778.5 Mt. The national power system is the largest and most significant system in Central Europe. The gross production of energy in Poland in 2000 amounted to 145 169 GW h, including the total production of public utility power plants equal to 133.8 TW h, off which hard coal fired power plants generated 84 153 GW h, while public utility brown coal fired power plants produced 49 677 GW h.

PL

Problemy energetyczne muszą być rozpatrywane globalnie ze względu na źródła energii, funkcjonujące rynki oraz ochronę środowiska przyrodniczego. Kopalne surowce energetyczne, w porównaniu do pozostałych nośników energii pierwotnej, mają decydujące znaczenie dla rozwoju gospodarki energetycznej świata. Światowe zasoby węgla kamiennego w 2001 r. szacowane są na około 5191 mld ton, z tego niemal połowa, tj.: 2459 mld ton przypada na Azję i Europę Wschodnią z Federacją Rosyjską. Ogromne zasoby węgla kamiennego występują również w Ameryce Północnej - 1202 mld ton, co stanowi 23% światowych zasobów węgla. Produkcja węgla kamiennego w świecie w 2000 r. wynosiła 3639 mln ton, w tym węgla energetycznego 3142 mln ton, a węgla koksowego 497 mln ton. Zdecydowany wzrost produkcji węgla kamiennego nastąpił w Australii, Afryce, Azji i Ameryce Północnej. W Europie w okresie dwudziestu lat ubiegłego wieku odnotowano spadek produkcji węgla kamiennego o 292 mln ton. Zużycie węgla na świecie w 2000 r. wyniosło 3738 mln ton, w tym węgla energetycznego - 3220 mln ton, a węgla koksowego - 518 mln ton. Zdecydowany wzrost zużycia węgla kamiennego wystąpił w krajach Azji, Afryki, Australii oraz w Ameryce Północnej. Europa zmniejszyła zużycie węgla o 193 mln ton, w tym węgla energetycznego o 148 mln ton i węgla koksowego o 45 mln ton. Spowodowane to było głęboką restrukturyzacją przemysłu węglowego w krajach Unii Europejskiej. Krajowe zasoby surowców energetycznych w 2000 r. wynosiły ponad 39,3 Gtoe. W tej wielkości prawie 99,5% (99,49%) stanowią zasoby węgla kamiennego i brunatnego. Pozostałe 0,51% ogółu krajowych zasobów surowców energetycznych stanowią ropa naftowa i gaz ziemny. Zasoby bilansowe węgla kamiennego (stan na 31.12.1999 r.) wynosiły 18 152 mln ton, w tym zasoby przemysłowe - 8354 mln ton. Zasoby geologiczne węgla brunatnego skupione są w 78 złożach i wynoszą ogółem ponad 13 984,14 mln ton, w tym zasoby rozpoznane szczegółowo wynoszą około 4455 mln ton. Zasoby przemysłowe złóż zagospodarowanych wynoszą 1778,5 mln ton. Polski system elektroenergetyczny jest największym i najbardziej znaczącym systemem w Europie Środkowej. Produkcja krajowa energii brutto w 2000 r. wynosiła 145,2 TW h, w tym zawodowe elektrownie cieplne - 133,8 TW h, z tego na węglu kamiennym - 84,2 TW h, a na węglu brunatnym - 49,7 TW h. Produkcja energii elektrycznej z węgla brunatnego w Polsce od wielu lat utrzymuje się mniej więcej na stałym poziomie i jej udział w ogólnej produkcji zawiera się w przedziale 35-40%. Podstawowym dokumentem w zakresie ustalania potrzeb na surowce energetyczne kraju są "Założenia polityki energetycznej Polski do 2020 roku". Ze względu na znaczną niepewność przyszłych stanów gospodarki, opracowano trzy scenariusze rozwoju kraju: przetrwania, odniesienia i postępu - plus. Rola węgla kamiennego i węgla brunatnego w bilansie paliwowo-energetycznym Polski będzie w najbliższej perspektywie dominująca, a w dalszym horyzoncie czasowym - nadal znacząca.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

hard coal; brown coal; fossil fules; reserves; electricity generation

PL

węgiel kamienny; węgiel brunatny; paliwa pierwotne; zasoby; wytwarzanie energii elektrycznej

• Wydawca: Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN ; Komitet Zrównoważonej Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi PAN
• Czasopismo: Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi
• Rocznik: 2002
• Tom: T. 18, z. 4
• Strony: 33--58
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 41 poz., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Mokrzycki E.

• Polish Academy of Sciences, Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Kraków, Poland

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