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Magnetic storms: a threat to the power system?
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Abstrakty
Artykuł opisuje wpływ pogody kosmicznej na zakłócenia (niekiedy na ogromną skalę) w przesyle energii elektrycznej. Przedstawia przykłady światowych awarii elektroenergetycznych, które pozbawiły prądu wiele milionów ludzi i doprowadziły do uszkodzenia infrastruktury przesyłowej (m.in. spalone transformatory przesyłowe). Autorzy wyjaśniają powstawanie prądów indukowanych geomagnetycznie GIC1 i ich wpływ na transformatory, podając jednocześnie środki zaradcze zapobiegające negatywnym wpływom tych prądów. Proponują także listę działań, gdyby zaistniało prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia burz magnetycznych w Polsce. Jednak dotychczas (w latach 1980-2011) nie stwierdzono wpływu burz słonecznych na Krajowy System Elektroenergetyczny.
The impact of magnetic (or solar) storms on power system operation has been long under debate in the electricity sector. Initially, scientists claimed that such phenomena might occur during the night only, at the peak of solar activity, and might be of issue only in higher latitudes. However, experience gained over the recent years shows that the risk of magnetic storms affecting the electromagnetic system is likely to occur in both the hemispheres and in many different countries, including those located in moderate latitudes. So far, no influence of the solar storms on the National Power System in the years 1980-2011 has been detected.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
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65--83
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 20 poz., tab., rys.
Twórcy
Bibliografia
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- [4] R. Pirjola, “Effects of Space Weather on high-latitude ground systems.” Advances in Space Research, vol. 36, issue 12, pp. 2231-2240, 2005.
- [5] A. Viljanen, R. Pirjola, “Statistics on geo-magnetically-induced currents in the Finnish 400 kV power system based on recordings of geomagnetic variations.” Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity, Vol. 41, pp. 411–420.
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- [7] S. Watari i inni, “Measurements of geomagnetically induced current in a power grid in Hokkaido”, Japan SPACE WEATHER, VOL. 7, S03002, 11 PP., 2009.
- [8] D. Boutacoff, “Preparing for Solar Max” EPRI Journal, Spring 2011.
- [9] Allan John McKay “Geoelectric Fields and Geomagnetically Induced Currents in the United Kingdom”, A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the University of Edinburgh, 2003.
- [10] J. Koen, C.T. Gaunt, “Disturbances in the southern African power network due to geomagnetically induced currents”, CIGRE Sessions 2002, 36-206.
- [11] I. A. Erinmez i inni, ”Application of modelling techniques to assess geomagnetically induced current risks on the NGC transmission system”, CIGRE Paper 39-304, Session 2002.
- [12] J. Povh, W. Schultz, “Analysis of Overvoltages caused by Transformer Magnetizing Inrush Current” IEEE PAS-97, No.4, Jul/Aug’78. pp. 1355-1365.
- [13] J. G. Kappenman, “Great geomagnetic storms and extreme impulsive geomagnetic field disturbance events - an analysis of observational evidence including the great storm of May 1921”, Advances in Space Research, 38(2), 188–199, 2006.
- [14] J. G. Kappenman, “Geomagnetic Disturbances and Impacts upon Power System Operation”, Metatech Corporation, 2007.
- [15] Bing Zhang i inni, “Effect of load current on leakage flux of transformer with geomagnetically induced current”, Euro. Trans. Electr. Power 2011; 21:165–173.
- [16] H. Lundstedt i inni, “Real-Time Forecast Service for Geomagnetically Induced Currents”, ESA/ESTEC Contract Number 16953/02/NL/LvH, June 14, 2007
- [17] J. G. Kappenman, “Low-Frequency Protection Concepts for the Electric Power Grid: Geomagnetically Induced Current (GIC) and E3 HEMP Mitigation”, FERC, Metatech Corporation, January 2010.
- [18] I. A. Erinmez, i inni “Application of Modelling Techniques to assess geomagnetically induced current risks on the NGC transmission system”, Cigre Sessions 2002, 39-304.
- [19] M. A Wik i inni, ”Calculation of Geomagnetically Induced Currents in the 400 kV Power System in Southern Sweden”, Space Weather, 2008.
- [20] T. A. Tjimbandi, “Geomagnetically induced currents in South Africa.” BSc(Eng) thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
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bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BPW8-0021-0086