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The aedicula of house H10 from Marina eUAlamein in Egypt Architectonic analysis, reconstruction
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Wiosną 1998 roku, na terenie wykopaliskowym w Marinie el-Alamein, podczas odsłaniania reliktów domu oznaczonego jako H10, co miało stanowić przygotowanie do przyszłych prac konserwatorskich, wykonano uzupełniające badania archeologiczne. Ich terenem była grupa po-mieszczeń, tzw. andronitis, w południowej części domu, a zwłaszcza największe z nich -andron. W nim, przy południowej ścianie, był pozostawiony, nie eksplorowany dotychczas zasyp, który służył wcześniej jako rampa transportowa podczas uprzednio prowadzonych wykopalisk. Podczas starannej eksploracji tego zasypu odnaleziono relikty zawalonej niszy oraz in situ jej parapet, wmurowany w pozostałość południowej ściany pomieszczenia (ryc. 1). Odkryte bogate fragmenty figuralnego malarstwa, jakim była pokryta tylna ściana niszy wskazują, że miała ona charakter kultowy.
During supplementary archeological investigations of the house marked as H10, in the area of excavation in Marina el-Alam-ain, the relics of a collapsed aedicula were found in the Spring of 1998. They came from the wall of the so-called andron in the south part of the house. The rich fragments of figural painting, which covered the back wall of the niche, show that its character was ritualistic. On the basis of the painting's style it is initially presumed that the niche together with the painting most probably comes from the second half of the 2nd century or from the beginning of the third, at the latest. Almost a full assembly of elements of the stone framework of the niche has been found - this enables its theoretical reconstruction as well as a real anastylosis. The architectonic framing of the niche was in the form of the Corinthian order in its special modification, the so-called Nabata-ean order. Elements of such order were found in Petra (the name comes from there - in the land of the Nabataeans). It is so different from all classic architectonic orders that it has been called the Nabataean order. Its most characteristic element is the capital of very singular forms. Pilasters of such kind adorn the column tombs of necropolises in Marina. Here, however, three very simple orders were used much more often, similar in detail and character of stylization which may be defined as: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian in the^abataean modification. The aedicula found in Marina in the house H10 had Nabataean-Corinthian forms. There are indications that this decoration was slightly modified. At least two or maybe even three phases can be destingu-ished. The forms of decoration of the latest one were close to those of the clasic Corinthian order. Thi decoration was however only a plaster-work covering the older stone sculptured elements. The form of the framework in both phases remained the same. On a prominent parapet wall supported by a high cyma there rose two attached columns which stood out from the wall face. From the interior side of the niche each column was accompanied by a flat pilaster of the same hight and proportions. Architraves rested on the capitals of the attached columns and pilasters. Their projection had the shape of a horseshoe, enclosing the aedicula from three sides. There were no friezes above the architraves. The coronas rested directly on them. The contour of the cornices, on the location plan, run all around the niche repeating the form of the architraves. On the underside plane of the corona protruding from the architrave there was a decoration in the form of an offset running profile, creating alternatively consoles of simplified, schematic forms and wider offsets on the plan of a square. Such a decoration is also typical of Nabataean orders. The triangular tym-panon plates rested on the extreme, outer cornice edges. It had the same forms of decoration. It was not crowned by a cyma. On the location plan the tympanon was not of the form of a horseshoe, it created a simple roof covering the whole niche. In its palate, an open shell was placed in the centre. The architectonic detail up till now called Nabataean, often occcurs in the region of Alexandria and Cyprus. Therefore, investigators describing it incline towards calling it Alexandrian. Its numerous occurrence in Marina confirms this thesis. A full recon-struction of the architectonic form of the niche's decoration of the Corinthian-Nabataean order, possible, due to the finding of most elements, created a unique chance to establish the modular proportions of this order. It has been compared here to the classical Vitruvian canon. The starting-point was the recognition of the hight of the columns and pilasters as being equal in proportions to 9 diameters of the base. This proportion is contained within the range accepted by the Corinthian order. However, comparison of further details shows that the order of Marina is much more squat and in fact it departs from the classic canon.
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Tom
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3--14
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bibliogr. 10 poz., rys. 5
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- Wydział Architektury Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Bibliografia
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Bibliografia
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bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BPW7-0019-0018
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