Wybrane zagadnienia spalania młodych paliw kopalnych o małym stopniu metamorfizmu

• Autorzy: Kruczek H.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Some problems of the combustion of young low-metamorphisms rank fossil fuels

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Młode węgle brunatne są znaczącym źródłem energii. W energetyce światowej ok. 30% energii elektrycznej pochodzi z ich spalania. Podobny udział węgli brunatnych w produkcji energii obserwuje się w Polsce. Problemem jest duża zawartość wilgoci w węglach brunatnych (około 50%), która obniża sprawność spalania, ponieważ w przypadku stosowania metod konwencjonalnych, w kotłach energetycznych 20-25% ciepła ze spalania węgla jest tracone na usunięcie zawartej w nim wody. Z tego powodu bardzo ważna staje się poprawa sprawności produkcji energii z węgla brunatnego. Jedną z metod pozwalających na poprawę jakości spalania i zwiększenie sprawności kotła oraz bloku energetycznego jest spalanie wstępnie wysuszonego węgla oraz wykorzystanie ciepła oparów z suszenia w układzie bloku. Dodatkową zaletą podniesienia sprawności bloku energetycznego jest zmniejszenie emisji CO2, gazu odpowiedzialnego za powstawanie efektu cieplarnianego. Zastosowanie koncepcji spalania wstępnie suszonego węgla brunatnego w kotłach energetycznych wymaga rozwiązania różnych problemów, przede wszystkim - oceny emisji toksycznych składników spalin i stopnia wypalenia spowodowanych większą kalorycznością węgla brunatnego wstępnie suszonego. Zastosowanie technologii spalania wysuszonych węgli dodatkowo czyni niezbędnym przeprowadzenie badań określających wpływ suszenia węgli na jego właściwości. Autorka koncentrowała się w swoich badania na określeniu wpływu różnych metod suszenia węgli na jego strukturę i właściwości, takie jak: porowatość, reaktywność, szybkość odgazowania oraz zapłon. Szczególnym przedmiotem badań był problem, istotny ze względu na emisję tlenków azotu, wpływu parametrów węgla i procesu spalania na zachowanie się azotu paliwowego, tj. jego wydzielanie się w różnych fazach spalania, poczynając od wydzielania się części lotnych, zapłon i spalanie pozostałości koksowej węgli brunatnych. Oceniono szybkość ubytku azotu w procesie spalania w stosunku do ubytku pierwiastka C i całkowitej masy badanego węgla. Badania prowadzono dla węgli brunatnych z siedmiu kopalni europejskich oraz torfu fińskiego, będących znaczącym źródłem energii w swoich krajach. Zanalizowano wpływ składu i rozmiaru węgla na rozdział azotu paliwowego pomiędzy części lotne i pozostałość koksową w procesie wolnej i szybkiej pirolizy w zależności od temperatury procesu oraz ubywanie azotu w procesie wypalania węgla w zależności od jego rozmiaru, zawartości związków alkalicznych, jak i temperatury procesu. Ponadto zanalizowano wpływ parametrów spalania (temperatura, stechiometria) oraz właściwości (skład i rozmiar) siedmiu wstępnie suszonych węgli brunatnych na formowanie się i redukcję NOx, a także stopień wypalenia. Następnie przebadano zachowanie się wstępnie suszonych węgli w procesie spalania, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wielkości emisji NO i SO2 i stopnia wypalenia w zależności od rozmiaru cząstek pyłu węgli wstępnie suszonych i temperatury spalania. Uzyskane wyniki badań pozwoliły na opracowanie układu technologicznego spalania wstępnie suszonego węgla brunatnego w bloku 200 MWe z kotłem pyłowym OP-650 oraz z kotłem fluidalnym CFB-670. Projekt takiego układu został zgłoszony w Urzędzie Patentowym.

EN

Young brown coals are substantial in power production. About 30% of the net amount of electricity produced in the world as well as in Poland is provided by brown coal fired plants. These fuels are commonly characterized by a high water content (-50%) which is why their efficiency in conventional power production is low in contrast to bituminous coal; 20-25% of heat from combustion of brown coal is lost to remove water from the coal. Thus the problem of improving the efficiency of power production from brown coal becomes very significant. Additional advantage of the increase of the efficiency of power production is decrease of green gas CO2 emission. However, the implementation of the concept of predried brown coal combustion in a boiler requires solution of different problems such as pollutant emission as well as burnout resulting from greater calorific values of predried brown coal. The author's investigations focused on the evaluation of the influence of various methods of drying of the brown coal on its the structure and properties such as porosity, reactivity, devolatilization rate and ignition. Special attention was paid to determination of the impact of coal characteristics and combustion parameters on the behaviour of fuel nitrogen in different stages of combustion, i.e. devolatilization, ignition and char combustion. The fractional fuel nitrogen loss rate with respect to carbon and the total mass loss during combustion of brown coal was evaluated. The investigations were carried out for brown coals from seven European mines and for finish peat used to power production. The effect of composition and size of brown coals (as well as) alkali species on the distribution of nitrogen fuel between char and volatile matter in the slow and rapid pyrolysis was analysed. The loss of fuel nitrogen in the process of combustion depending on temperature was also determined. The effect of parameters of combustion (temperature and stoichiometry) and properties of seven coals investigated (composition and size) on formation and reduction of NO and the burnout rate was analyzed. The behaviour of predried brown coals in the combustion process with respect to the emission of NO, SO2 and the burnout degree depending on the size of predried coal particles and the temperature of combustion were experimentally investigated. For this purpose, an available small-scale electrically heated combustor (20 kW) was used. On the basis of the results obtained, the technology of integrating predried brown coal combustion for power production based on the 200 MW and 235 MW units with conventional boilers and CFB was evaluated. This technological concept was patented.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

suszenie węgla; węgiel brunatny; właściwości węgli brunatnych; spalanie; emisja NO; emisja tlenku azotu; SO2; dwutlenek siarki

• Wydawca: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
• Czasopismo: Prace Naukowe Instytutu Techniki Cieplnej i Mechaniki Płynów Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Monografie
• Rocznik: 2003
• Tom: Vol. 58, nr 33
• Strony: 120--120
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 193 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Kruczek H.

• Instytut Techniki Cieplnej i Mechaniki Płynów Politechniki Wrocławskiej, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław.

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