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A study on plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging load and its impacts on distribution transformers loss-of-life, is presented in this paper. The assessment is based on residential PEV battery charging. As the exact forecasting of the charging load is not possible, the method for predicting the electric vehicle (EV) charging load is stochastically formulated. With the help of the stochastic model, the effect of fixed, time of use, and real-time charging rates on the charging load and the resultant impact on transformer derating is investigated. A 38-bus test system is adopted as the test system including industrial harmonic sources. Test results demonstrate that uncontrolled EV charging might causes a noticeable change in the K-factor of the transformer, emerging the need for derating, while applying real-time rates for battery charging loads conquers this problem even in case of harmonic-rich chargers.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
483--497
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 22 poz., rys. tab.
Twórcy
autor
autor
autor
- Electrical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology 424 Hafez Avenue, Tehran 15914, Iran, h.jooybari@aut.ac.ir
Bibliografia
- [1] Onar O.C., Khaligh A., Grid Interactions and Stability Analysis of Distribution Power Network withHigh Penetration of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo. APEC, pp. 1755-1762 (2010).
- [2] Yildirim D., Fuchs E.F., Measured Transformer Derating and Comparison with Harmonic LossFactor FHL Approach. IEEE Trans Power Delivery 15: 186-191 (2000).
- [3] Fuchs, E.F. Yildirim D., Grady W.M., Measurement of Eddy-Current Loss Coefficient PEC-R, Deratingof Single-Phase Transformers, and Comparison with K-Factor Approach. IEEE Trans Power Delivery 15: 148-154 (2000).
- [4] Kelly A.W. et al., Transformer Derating for Harmonic Currents: A Wide-Band Measurement Approachfor Energized Transformers. IEEE Trans Industry Applications 35: 1450-1457 (1999).
- [5] Sharifian M.B., Feiz J., Derating of a distribution transformer for non-linear loads. Euro Trans Elec Power 16: 189-203 (2006).
- [6] Fuchs E.F., Dingsheng Lin and Jonas Martynaitis, Measurement of Three-Phase TransformerDerating and Reactive Power Demand under Nonlinear Loading Conditions. IEEE Trans Power Delivery 21: 665-672 (2006).
- [7] IEEE Recommended Practice for Establishing Liquid-Filled and Dry-Type Power and DistributionTransformer Capability When Supplying Nonsinusoidal Load Currents. IEEE Std C57, pp.110 (2008).
- [8] Rotering N., Ilic M., Optimal Charge Control of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles in DeregulatedElectricity Markets. IEEE Trans Power Systems 26: 1021-1029 (2011).
- [9] Clement-Nyns K., Haesen E., Driesen J., The impact of charging plug-in hybrid electric vehicles ona residential distribution grid. IEEE Trans Power Systems 25: 371-380 (2010).
- [10] Mullan J. et al., Modelling the impacts of electric vehicle recharging on the Western Australianelectricity supply system. Energy Policy 39: 4349-4359 (2011).
- [11] Gomez J.C., Marcos M.M., Impact of EV battery chargers on the power quality of distributionsystems. IEEE Trans Power Delivery 18: 975-981 (2003).
- [12] Staats P.T., Grady W.M., Arapostathis A., Thallam R.S., A statistical method for predicting the netharmonic currents generated by a concentration of electric vehicle battery chargers. IEEE Trans Power Del. 12: 1258-1266 (1997).
- [13] Masoum M.A.S., Moses P.S., Deilami S., Load Management in smart grids considering harmonicdistortion and transformer derating. IEEE Innov. Smart Grid Tech. Conf. ISGT (2010).
- [14] Staats P.T., Grady W.M., Arapostathis A., Thallam R.S., A procedure for derating a substationtransformer in the presence of widespread electric vehicle battery charging. IEEE Trans Power Del. 12: 1562-1568 (1997).
- [15] Morrow K., Karner D., Francfort J., U.S. Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Program -Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Review. Battelle Energy Alliance,Tech. Rep. 58517 (2008).
- [16] Plug-in Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Working Group Meeting. Orlando, FL, National Electric Transportation IWC (2010).
- [17] Lambert F., Secondary distribution impacts of residential electric vehicle charging. Public Interest Energy Res. (PIER), California Energy Commission, Tech. Rep. 373 (1999).
- [18] Qian K., Zhou C., Allan M., Yuan Y., Modeling of load demand due to EV battery charging in distributionsystems. IEEE Trans Power Syst 26: 802-810 (2011).
- [19] Madrid C., Argueta J., Smith J., Performance characterization-1999 Nissan Altra-EV with lithiumionbattery. Southern California EDISON (1999).
- [20] Papoulis A., Pillai S.U., Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes, McGraw-Hill, (2002).
- [21] Masoum M.A.S., Ulinuha A., Islam S., Tan K., Hybrid passive filter design for distribution systemswith adjustable speed drives. 7th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems PEDS (2007).
- [22] Teng, J.-H. Chang C.-Y., Backward/Forward sweep-based harmonic analysis method for distributionsystems. IEEE Trans Power Del. 22: 1665-1672 (2007).
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Bibliografia
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bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BPS4-0003-0054