Nowe fotokatalizatory na bazie TiO2. Struktura, aktywność i zastosowania

• Autorzy: Zaleska A.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Novel TiO2-based photocatalysists. Structure, activity and applications

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Fotokatalityczne właściwości TiO2 wykorzystywane są między innymi do eliminacji substancji organicznych z fazy gazowej i ciekłej oraz do przygotowania powierzchni samoczyszczących. Tlenek tytanu(IV) absorbuje prawie wyłącznie promieniowanie z zakresu UV, dlatego podczas fotokatalizy wykorzystać można zaledwie od 3 do 5% promieniowania słonecznego. Zatem otrzymanie fotokatalizatora nowej generacji, aktywnego w zakresie promieniowania widzialnego (> 400 nm), znacząco rozszerzyłoby możliwości aplikacyjne fotokatalizy heterogenicznej w ochronie środowiska, przez wykorzystanie głównej części spektrum światła słonecznego lub zastosowanie źródła światła o mniejszym strumieniu mocy. Fotokatalizatory na bazie TiO2, o podwyższonej aktywności w UV lub aktywne pod wpływem światła widzialnego, można otrzymać między innymi poprzez domieszkowanie metalami, sensybilizację barwnikami lub domieszkowanie niemetalami. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono informacje literaturowe dotyczące wpływu struktury krystalicznej TiO2 na właściwości fotokatalityczne oraz właściwości TiO2 modyfikowanego azotem, siarką, węglem oraz borem. Aktywność fotokatalityczną TiO2 odniesiono do formy, w jakiej występują domieszki, wielkości krystalitów i pola powierzchni właściwej, właściwości absorpcyjnych oraz metody otrzymywania, która determinuje te właściwości. Przedstawione badania własne obejmowały obserwację zmian topografii powierzchni, za pomocą mikroskopii sił atomowych, cienkiej warstwy kwasu laurynowego osadzonego na monokrysztale anatazu. Zauważono, że kwas laurynowy osadzany metodą wirującego dysku tworzy na powierzchni monokryształów TiO2 struktury domenowe. Warstwę kwasu laurynowego o grubości 80-90 nm naświetlano promieniowaniem z zakresu UV-Vis. Stwierdzono, że podczas naświetlania nie ulega zmianie grubość warstwy kwasu laurynowego, a jedynie zachodzi proces zmniejszania powierzchni poszczególnych struktur domenowych. Świadczy to o tym, że tylko cząsteczki położone na granicy kontaktu kwas laurynowy-TiO2-powietrze ulegają fotodegradacji. Ponadto, opisano sposób otrzymywania, właściwości fizykochemiczne oraz aktywność pod wpływem światła widzialnego 39 fotokatalizatorów własnych, otrzymanych poprzez modyfikację TiO2 substancjami zawierającymi siarkę, azot, bor i węgiel. Charakterystyka obejmowała między innymi wyznaczenie pola powierzchni właściwej, badania właściwości absorpcyjnych w zakresie UV-Vis, badania struktury krystalicznej oraz składu powierzchniowego techniką XPS. Wykazano, że fotokatalizatory aktywne w świetle widzialnym można otrzymać, wprowadzając do struktury TiO2 azot, siarkę, bor, węgiel, czy też kombinację tych niemetali. Aktywność otrzymanych fotokatalizatorów badano w modelowej reakcji fotodegradacji fenolu (21 mM) w obecności promieniowania o długości fali powyżej 400 nm. Fotokatalizatory o najwyższej aktywności w świetle widzialnym otrzymano poprzez hydrolizę izopropanolanu tytanu(IV) w obecności tioacetamidu lub tiomocznika i kalcynację w 450 C, poprzez impregnację powierzchniową TiO2 estrem trietylowym kwasu borowego i kalcynację w 400 C oraz poprzez hydrolizę izopropanolanu tytanu(IV) i kalcynację w 350 C (bez wprowadzania domieszki). Szybkość degradacji fenolu w obecności tych fotokatalizatorów przekraczała 2 žmolźdm-3źmin-1. Fotokatalizatory o najwyższej aktywności zawierały w swojej strukturze B3+, S6+ lub C-Carom., posiadały strukturę anatazu lub były bezpostaciowe, charakteryzowały się rozwiniętą powierzchnią właściwą, a ich szerokość pasma wzbronionego miała wartość zbliżoną lub wyższą od Eg czystego TiO2. W ostatnim rozdziale pracy przedstawiono nowe zastosowania tlenku tytanu(IV). Na podstawie literatury wskazano możliwości wykorzystania TiO2 do usuwania zanieczyszczeń z fazy wodnej i gazowej, do fotokonwersji CO2 oraz rozkładu wody. Przedstawione badania własne wykazały możliwość zastosowania układu UV/TiO2 do fotoutleniania silnie toksycznych jonów cyjankowych oraz do fotodegradacji nowej grupy substancji chemicznych, stanowiących potencjalne zagrożenie dla środowiska, jaką stanowią imidazoliowe ciecze jonowe. Natomiast, na bazie fotokatalizatorów aktywnych w świetle widzialnym zaproponowano fotokatalityczne oczyszczanie ścieków gospodarczo-bytowych na jednostkach pływających.

EN

Titanium dioxide represents an effective photocatalyst for water and air purification and for self-cleaning surfaces. TiO2 shows relatively high reactivity and chemical stability under ultraviolet light (< 387nm), whose energy exceeds the band gap of 3.3 eV in the anatase crystalline phase. The development of photocatalysts exhibiting high reactivity under visible light (> 380nm) should allow the main part of the solar spectrum, even under poor illumination of interior lighting, to be used. TiO2 photocatalysts with enhanced activity under UV and visible light could be prepared by doping of non-metal elements such as nitrogen, sulfur, boron, carbon, phosphorus, fluoride and iodine. In the first part of this work, the effect of crystalline structure on TiO2 photoactivity was discussed. The literature information regarding application of single crystals of anatase and rutile for investigation of photocatalytic mechanism was shown. Subsequently, own research results considering direct observation of TiO2 photocatalytic surface reactions was presented. The photodegradation of lauric acid at an anatase single crystal surface was visualized using atomic force microscopy. Photooxidation was performed for lauric acid thin films with thickness about 80-90 nm to simulate more realistic processing conditions rather than using submonolayer films. It was noticed that lauric acid deposited by spin coating technique formed domain structure at the TiO2 surface. The phenomenon of domain surface decrease without change in the film thickness was observed. This suggests that only molecules at the crystal-air-lauric acid contact line and extended therefrom were degraded. The second part of this study is related to the presentation of literature review and own results considering TiO2-based photocatalyst doped with sulfur, nitrogen, boron and carbon. Using several new dopants, a series of TiO2 photocatalyst samples was selected for investigation aimed at correlation of their structure and photoactivity. Their intrinsic characteristics were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of doped TiO2 was evaluated by the degradation rate of phenol. Particularly S,N-doped (obtained by TIP hydrolysis in the presence of thioacetamide and thermal treating at 450 C), B-doped (obtained by grinding of pure TiO2 with triethyl ester boric acid and calcination at 450 C) and C-doped (obtained by TIP hydrolysis in the absence of any dopant and thermal treating at 350 C) photocatalysts were active under visible light at wavelengths greater than 400 nm. It was found that B3+, S6+ and carbon in the form of C-Carom species showed beneficial influence on photodegradation efficiency in visible light. In the last part of this study, novel application of TiO2-based photocatalyst are presented. The possibility of water/wastewater and gas phase treatment, as well as CO2 photoconversion and water splitting, are discussed. Presented own results, indicated that UV/TiO2 system could be applied for cyanide ions and ionic liquids removal from aqueous phase. In the last chapter, photocatalytic shipboard wastewater treatment system is presented. Proposed on-board system is a solar-driven system for treatment of grey wastewater generated on small and medium vessels.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

fotokatalizatory na bazie TiO2; wpływ struktury krystalicznej na aktywność TiO2; metodyka otrzymywania fotokatalizatorów o zadanej aktywności

EN

novel TiO2-based photocatalysists; impact on activity of crystalline structure of TiO2; methodology for obtaining a given activity photocatalysists

• Wydawca: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Gdańskiej
• Czasopismo: Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Gdańskiej. Chemia
• Rocznik: 2009
• Tom: Nr 59(610)
• Strony: 3--122
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 254 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Zaleska A.

• Katedra Technologii Chemicznej

Bibliografia

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