Opady i osady atmosferyczne. Problemy i wyzwania

• Autorzy: Polkowska Ż.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Atmospheric deposits. Problems and challenges

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Analityka opadów i osadów atmosferycznych oraz powstałych z nich wód spływnych jest dużym wyzwaniem dla chemików analityków. W pracy przedstawiono główne problemy, zarówno niezależne od stosowanej procedury analitycznej, jak i związane z procedurą analityczną oraz z interpretacją wyników, występujące w trakcie badań próbek różnych form depozycji mokrej. W pierwszej części pracy przedstawiono różnorodność strumieni, jakimi zanieczyszczenia dostają się z atmosfery do innych elementów środowiska. Opisano także problemy związane ze zmiennością składu próbek, procesami przemian i sezonowością występowania różnych form depozycji mokrej. Podano także krótki opis stosowanych typów próbników, służących do pobierania/zbierania opadów i osadów atmosferycznych, a także technik analitycznych wykorzystywanych do oznaczania najczęściej w nich występujących zanieczyszczeń. Następnie przedstawiono informacje literaturowe dotyczące poziomów stężeń wybranych analitów obecnych w próbkach opadów i osadów atmosferycznych oraz powstałych z nich wód spływnych. Druga część pracy poświęcona została przedstawieniu wyników prac własnych w zakresie analityki różnych form mokrej depozycji. Programem badawczym objęto tereny Trójmiasta i jego okolic: Nowego Dworu Gdańskiego, Kmiecina, Solnicy, Kazimierzowa i Sztutowa. Dodatkowo osady atmosferyczne zbierano na terenie całej Polski - Bytów, Dziemiany, Kraków, Mława, Wrocław, Działdowo, Jeziory (koło Poznania), Poznań, Grudziądz, Zakopane, Borucino i Szrenica. Opisano zakres stosowalności różnych technik do badań próbek osadów atmosferycznych o małej objętości (kilka, kilkanaście cm3). Przedstawiono problemy związane ze zmianą składu chemicznego próbek podczas ich pobierania/zbierania i przechowywania. Opisano również wyniki badań dotyczące poziomów stężeń, a także współzależności pomiędzy zanieczyszczeniami obecnymi w próbkach opadów i osadów atmosferycznych oraz powstałych z nich wód spływnych. Przedstawiono także współzależności pomiędzy stężeniami analitów a temperaturą otoczenia, rodzajem mas powietrza, charakterem i kierunkiem ich cyrkulacji, prędkością wiatru oraz dobową sumą opadów w badanych próbkach mokrej depozycji z różnych obszarów geograficznych Polski. Ponadto opisano przeprowadzone badania dotyczące oceny stopnia toksyczności próbek opadów i osadów atmosferycznych z wykorzystaniem testów biologicznych (bakterii luminescencyjnych - vibro fischerii). Przedstawione wyniki badań potwierdzają wysoką toksyczność wód spływnych zarówno tych z arterii komunikacyjnych jak i dachów budynków. Na etapie opracowania wieloparametrowych zbiorów danych pomiarowych opisano otrzymane wyniki, stosując różne techniki chemometryczne (analiza szeregów czasowych, analiza wariancji, analiza dyskryminacyjna, wykorzystanie algorytmów FPCA-1 i FPCA-o, analiza głównych składowych (PCA)). Prace realizowane przez autorkę miały za zadanie kompleksowe podejście do analizy zagadnienia oszacowania poziomów stężeń zanieczyszczeń występujących w próbkach różnych typów mokrej depozycji (opady, osady), jak również w powstających z nich wód spływnych (z arterii komunikacyjnych, dachów budynków, koron drzew).

EN

The analytics of atmospheric precipitation and deposits and, generated from them, runoff waters is still a big challenge for analytical chemists. The main problems (regardless of the applied analytical procedure, related to the analytical procedure, related to the interpretation of the obtained analytical results) occurring during analysis of wet deposition samples are presented in this study. In the first part of this work, the diversity of pollutants fluxes from the atmosphere to the environment is shown. Important problems connected with the variability of chemical composition, conversion processes and seasonability of occurrence are also discussed. Additionally, a short description of the applied types of samplers used for collection of atmospheric precipitation and deposits and final determination techniques of pollutants, which predominatingly occur in these forms of wet deposition is presented. Subsequently, literature information concerning concentration levels of selected analytes present in the samples of atmospheric precipitation and deposits and, generated from them, runoff waters is shown. The second part of this study is related to the presentation of results of individual research made within the framework of analytics of different forms of wet deposition. The range of application of various techniques used for analysis of small volume samples of atmospheric deposits is shown. Problems connected with the variability of chemical composition of samples during their collection and storage are also presented. The obtained results related to the concentration levels and relationships between pollutants present in the samples of atmospheric precipitation and deposits and ,generated from them, runoff waters are described. Relationships between concentration levels of analytes and different factors such as: ambient temperature, type of airmass, direction of atmospheric circulation, wind speed and daily sum of precipitation in the examined samples of wet deposition collected from different geographical regions of Poland are widely discussed. The research concerning evaluation of toxicity of the samples of atmospheric precipitation and deposits by means of biological tests (luminous bacteria - vibrio fischeri) are also described. The presented results confirm high toxicity of runoff waters collected both from highways and roofs of buildings. On the stage of elaboration of the multivariable set of data, the obtained results concerning application of chemometric techniques (time series analysis, analysis of variance, discriminant analysis, algorithms such as FPCA-1 and FPCA-o, principal component analysis (PCA)) are shown. The goal of the research, made by the author of this study, is to present a complex approach to the analysis of estimation of pollutants concentration levels present in different forms of wet deposition (not only atmospheric precipitation and deposits, but also, generated from them, runoff waters collected from highways, roofs of buildings, crowns of trees).

Słowa kluczowe

PL

opady i osady atmosferyczne; techniki chemometryczne; analityka różnych form mokrej ekspozycji

EN

atmospheric deposits; chemometric techniques; analytics of different forms of wet deposition

• Wydawca: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Gdańskiej
• Czasopismo: Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Gdańskiej. Chemia
• Rocznik: 2008
• Tom: Nr 58(609)
• Strony: 3--134
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 576 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Polkowska Ż.

• Katedra Chemii Analitycznej

Bibliografia

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