Wynik analizy a jakość informacji środowiskowej. Opracowanie monograficzne z uwzględnieniem prac własnych

• Autorzy: Wolska L.

Warianty tytułu

EN

The analytical result and quality of environmental information. The monographic treatise including original papers

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Na proces uzyskiwania wiarygodnych informacji o zanieczyszczeniu środowiska mają zasadniczy wpływ dwa aspekty: -wybór właściwych parametrów do monitorowania poziomu zanieczyszczenia; -odpowiednia jakość wyników oznaczania parametrów wytypowanych do monitoringu środowiska. Wyniki badań, przedstawione w niniejszym opracowaniu monograficznym, ujawniły, że stosowane techniki izolacji związków z grupy WWA i PCB z próbek wody nie mogą być polecane do oznaczania różnych form występowania tych związków w środowisku wodnym. Jakość informacji uzyskiwanej w trakcie procesu oznaczania analitów, przy zastosowaniu dostępnych technik izolacji, może być kwestionowana. Zasadniczą przyczyną tych problemów jest wysoka tendencja związków z obu grup do sorpcji na dostępnych powierzchniach stałych (zawiesina, cząstki koloidalne, powierzchnie naczyń i urządzeń). Tymczasowym rozwiązaniem może być propozycja procedury umownej, ściśle zdefiniowanej operacyjnie. W procedurach oznaczania związków z grupy WWA i PCB w osadzie dennym, ze względu na różnorodność tego co stanowi osad, powinna znaleźć zastosowanie metoda wzorca wewnętrznego. Wyniki badań opublikowanych w ostatnim czasie mogą być podstawą do stwierdzenia, że związki z obu grup są związane w osadzie w odmienny sposób, zależny od drogi, którą zostały wprowadzone do środowiska wodnego. Odmienny sposób wiązania analitów w osadzie wymaga zastosowania takich technik wprowadzania wzorców wewnętrznych, które zapewnią, że wzorce po wprowadzeniu do osadu będą związane z matrycą w podobny sposób jak anality. Zagadnienie to powinno być brane pod uwagę również przy wytwarzaniu materiałów odniesienia. Stosowanie deuterowanych pochodnych analitów, jako wzorców wewnętrznych, wymaga ustalenia współczynników odpowiedzi detektora mas, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zakresu stężeń w pobliżu granicy oznaczalności detektora. W monografii przedstawiono również inne aspekty związane z uzyskiwaniem informacji na temat poziomu zanieczyszczenia środowiska, których znaczenie rośnie w sposób gwałtowny w ostatnich latach, to znaczy: -obniżanie kosztów oznaczenia (miniaturyzacja, wykorzystywanie ekstraktu do oznaczeń różnych związków, oznaczanie wielu grup związków w jednym cyklu analitycznym itp.); -obniżanie kosztów środowiskowych (proekologiczne techniki ekstrakcji, przyjazne środowisku rozpuszczalniki, ekologiczna wycena wpływów na środowisko). Przedstawione w monografii wyniki badań własnych i badań prowadzonych w innych ośrodkach naukowych, wskazują, że dotychczasowy system monitoringu oparty na badaniach biologicznych i chemicznych powinien być uzupełniony o wskaźniki ekotoksykologiczne. -prowadzeniu badań przesiewowych, które mogą być podstawą klasyfikacji próbek do dalszych badań; -identyfikowaniu tzw. hot spots (miejsc o wysokim zanieczyszczeniu środowiska); -identyfikacji punktów, w których parametry monitoringowe są nieprawidłowo zdefiniowane; -klasyfikacji (rankingu) ważności problemów występujących w badanym obszarze; -określaniu rzeczywistego ryzyka wynikajacego z biodostępności i mobilności zanieczyszczeń.

EN

The process of receiving reliable information on the pollution of the environment can be essentially influenced by two factors: -choosing optimal parameters for monitoring of the pollution level, -proper quality of results of determining parameters chosen for environmental monitoring. Results of studies presented in given the monographic treatise have revealed that the applied techniques of isolation of compounds belonging to PCBs and PAHs cannot be recommended to assess different forms of existence of these compounds in the aqueous environment. The quality of information received in the process of analytes' determination, with application of available isolation techniques, can be questioned. The basic reason of these aforementioned problems is high tendency of compounds belonging to both these groups to adsorb on available solid surfaces (suspensions, colloidal particulates, surfaces of both glassware and devices used). A certain solution can be proposition of operationally defined procedure. In the procedures of PAHs and PCBs determination in the samples of the bottom sediments, due to diversity of the material composing the sediment, the method of internal standard addition should find its application. The results of studies published lately can be the basis for statement, that compounds belonging to both groups of chemicals are bound in different way to the sediments, depending on the way in which they were introduced to the aqueous environment. Different ways of bounding analytes to the sediment requires applying such techniques of intro-ducing internal standards that will reproduce the way of analytes' binding. This should be also taken into consideration during reference materials preparations. Applying deutered derivatives of analytes, as the internal standards, requires determining factors of mass detector response, with special attention paid to concentration range close to detector limit of quantification. In the monographic treatise also other aspects connected with receiving information on the envi-ronmental concentration levels, and whose meaning rises rapidly in the recent years, have been pre-sented, including: -lowering costs of determinations (miniaturization, using extract to determine numerous com pounds, determining many groups of compounds in one analytical run etc.); -lowering environmental costs (proecological extraction techniques, environmentally friendly solvents, ecological assessment of environmental influences). Results of author's studies and studies conducted in other scientific centers and presented here show, that the monitoring system based so far on biological and chemical research should be supple-mented with ecotoxicological indices. Ecotoxicological studies can be helpful especially in: -performing screening studies, which can be basis for classifying samples for further analysis; -identifying so called hot spots (places of high environmental contamination); -identifying points, in which monitoring parameters are improperly defined; -classifying (ranking) the importance of problems present in a given area; -assessing real threat resulting from bioavailability and mobility of pollutants.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

uzyskiwaniem informacji na temat poziomu zanieczyszczenia środowiska; związki z grupy WWA i PCB; wskaźniki ekotoksykologiczne

EN

compounds belonging to PCBs and PAHs; receiving information on the environmental concentration levels; ecotoxicological indices

• Wydawca: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Gdańskiej
• Czasopismo: Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Gdańskiej. Chemia
• Rocznik: 2008
• Tom: Nr 57(608)
• Strony: 3--115
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 278 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Wolska L.

• Katedra Chemii Analitycznej

Bibliografia

• [1] Ocena i kontrola jakości wyników pomiarów analitycznych, Red. Konieczka P., Namieśnik J.. Warszawa: WNT 2006.
• [2] Konieczka P.: The role of and the place of method validation in the quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) system, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 37, 173–190, 2007.
• [3] Coquery M., Morin A., Becue A., Lepot B.: Priority substances of the European Water Framework Directive: analytical challenges in monitoring water quality, Trends Anal. Chem., 24, 117–127, 2005.
• [4] Quevauviller Ph., Borchers U., Gawlik B.M.: Coordinating links among research, standardization and policy in support of water framework directive chemical monitoring requirements, J. Environ. Monit., 9, 915–923, 2007.
• [5] Dyrektywa 2000/60/WE Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady z dnia 23 października 2000 r. ustanawiająca ramy wspólnotowego działania w dziedzinie polityki wodnej.
• [6] Wniosek dotyczący Dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady w sprawie norm jakości środowiska w dziedzinie polityki wodnej oraz zmieniająca dyrektywę 2000/60/WE z dnia 17.07.2006.
• [7] Win T.: Report on the final desk study on the determination of PAH’s, for the European project HORIZONTAL, Horizontal standarisation for sluge, waste, soil, sediment, BAM Berlin, April 2004.
• [8] Namieśnik J., Jamrógiewicz Z., Pilarczyk M., Torres L.: Przygotowanie próbek środowiskowych do analizy. Warszawa: WNT 2000.
• [9] Berrueta L. A., Gallo B., Vicente F.: A review of solid phase extraction: basic principles and new developments, Chromatographia, 40, 474–483, 1995.
• [10] Pawliszyn J.: Solid Phase Microextraction – Theory and Practice. New York: Wiley-VCH 1997.
• [11] Doong R. A, Chang S. M, Sun Y. C.: Solid-phase microextraction for determining the distribution of sixteen US Environmental Protection Agency polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. J Chromatogr. A, 879, 177–188, 2000.
• [12] Ma M., Cantwell F. F.: Solvent Microextraction with Simultaneous Back-Extraction for Sample Cleanup and Preconcentration: Preconcentration into a Single Microdrop, Anal. Chem., 71, 388–398, 1999.
• [13] Poerschmann J., Kopinke F. D., Pawliszyn J.: Solid-phase microextraction for determining the binding state of organic pollutants in contaminated water rich in humic organic matter, J. Chromatogr. A, 816, 159–167, 1998.
• [14] Wolska L., Rawa-Adkonis M., Gdaniec M., Namieśnik J.: Critical evaluation of employment possibilities of the OTT technique for isolation of the PAHs and PCBs from samples of water, Ecol. Chem. Eng. 12, 611–626, 2005.
• [15] Lepane V.: Comparison of XAD resins for the isolation of humic substances from seawater , J. Chromatogr. A, 845, 329–335, 1999.
• [16] Blanco E. V., Mahía P. L., Lorenzo S. M., Rodríguez D. P., Fernández E. F.: Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of hydrocarbons in marine sediments: comparison with the Soxhlet extraction method, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 366, 283–288, 2000.
• [17] Budzinski H., Letellier M., Thompson S., LeMenach K., Garrigues P.: Combined protocol for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) from sediments using focussed microwave assisted (FMW) extraction at atmospheric pressure, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 367, 165–171, 2000.
• [18] Noordkamp R. N., Grotenhuis J. T. C., Rulkens W. H.: Selection of an efficient extraction method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated soil and sediment, Chemosphere, 35, 1907–1917, 1997.
• [19] Notar M., Leskovšek H.: Optimisation of supercritical fluid extraction of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from spiked soil and marine sediment standard reference material, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 358, 623–629, 1997.
• [20] Notar M., Leskovšek H.: Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments using a new ASE-SFE extraction technique, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 366, 846–850, 2000.
• [21] Kipp S., Peyrer H., Kleiböhmer W.: Coupling superheated water extraction with enzyme immunoassay for an efficient and fast PAH screening in soil, Talanta, 46, 385–393, 1998.
• [22] Cornelissen G., van Noort P. C. M, Govers H. A. J.: Desorption kinetics of chlorobenzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls:sediment extraction with Tenax and effects of contact time and solute hydrophobicity, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 16, 1351–1357, 1997.
• [23] Lee M., Novotny M. V., Bartle K. D.: Analytical Chemistry of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, Academic Press, 1981.
• [24] Rawa-Adkonis M., Wolska L., Namieśnik J.: Modern techniques of extraction of organic analytes from environmental matrices. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 33, 199–248, 2003.
• [25] Kot A., Zabiegała B., Namieśnik J.: Passive sampling for long-term monitoring of organic pollutants in water., Trends Anal. Chem., 19, 445–459, 2000.
• [26] Hermans J. H., Smedes F., Hofstraat J. W., Coflnoz W. P.: A Method for Estimation of Chlorinated Biphenyls in Surface Waters: Influence of Sampling Method on Analytical Results, Environ. Sci. Technol, 26, 2028–2035, 1992.
• [27] Zhou J.L., Maskaoiu K.: Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and surface sediments from Daya Bay, China, Environ. Poll., 121, 269–281, 2003.
• [28] Pino V., Ayala J. H., Afonso A. M., Gonzalez V.: Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seawater by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection following micelle-mediated preconcentration, J. Chromatogr. A, 949, 291–299, 2002.
• [29] King A. J., Readman J. W., Zhou J. L.: Dynamic behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Brighton marina, UK, Mar. Poll. Bull. 48, 229–239, 2004.
• [30] Jonnalagadda S. B., Mhere G.: Water quality of the Odzi river in the eastern highlands of Zimbabwe, Wat. Res., 35, 2371–2376, 2001.
• [31] Booij K., Hoedemaker J. R., Bakker J. F.: Dissolved PCBs, PAHs, and HCB in Pore Waters and Overlying Waters of Contaminated Harbor Sediments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 4213–4220, 2003.
• [32] Jiang X., Martens D., Schramm K. W., Kettrup A., Xu S. F., Wang L. S.: Polychlorinated organic compounds (PCOCs) in waters, suspended solids and sediments of the Yangtse River, Chemosphere, 41, 901–905, 2000.
• [33] Vilanova R. M., Fernandez P., Martinez C., Grimalt J. O.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in remote mountain lake waters, Wat. Res., 35, 3916–3929, 2001.
• [34] Naes K., Oug E.: The distribution and environmental relationships of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from Norwegian smelter-affected fjords, Chemosphere, 36, 561–576, 1998.
• [35] Witt G.: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in water and sediment of the Baltic Sea, Marine Poll.Bull., 31, 237–248, 1995.
• [36] Witt G., Trost E.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments in the Baltic Sea and German coastal waters, Chemosphere, 38, 1603–1614, 1999.
• [37] Countway R. E., .Dickhut M. R., Canuel A. E.: Organic Geochem., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) distributions and associations with organic matter in surface waters of the York River, VA Estuary, 34, 209–224, 2003.
• [38] El Nemr A., Abd-Allah A. M. A.: Contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in microlayer and subsurface waters along Alexandria coast, Egypt, Chemosphere, 52, 1711–1716, 2003.
• [39] Doong R., Lin Y.: Characterization and distribution of polycyclic Aromatic hydrocarbon contaminations in surface sediment and water fromGao-ping River, Taiwan, Water Res., 38, 1733–1744, 2004.
• [40] Garcia-Falcón M. S., Pérez-Lamela C., Simal-Gándara J.: Strategies for the extraction of free and dound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in run-off waters rich in organic matter, Anal. Chim. Acta., 508, 177–183, 2004.
• [41] Mackintosh Ch., Maldonado J., Ikonomu M., Gobas F. P. C.: Sorption of Phthalate Esters and PCBs in a Marine Ecosystem, Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 3481–3488, 2006.
• [42] Zanieczyszczenie rzeki Odry. Wyniki Międzynarodowego Projektu Odra (IOP). (Red. A. K. Meyer). Hamburg: Univ. Hamburg 2002 (Namieśnik J., Biernat J., Wolska L., Wielopierścieniowe węglowodory aromatyczne (WWA), Polichlorowane bifenyle (PCB), Lotne związki organiczne (VOC), Pestycydy. Rozdział 4.5.1–4.5.4, s. 47–53).
• [43] Wolska L., Rawa-Adkonis M., Górecki T., Zygmunt B., Namieśnik J.: Determination of Policyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Natural Waters: Problems and Challenges. Chem. Anal. 51, 35–49, 2006.
• [44] Falandysz J.: Polychlorinated biphenyls in the environment: chemistry, analysis, toxicity, concentrations and risk determination. Foundation of the Development of the University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland, 1995.
• [45] Falandysz J.: Polichlorowane bifenyle (PCBs) w środowisku: chemia, analiza, toksyczność, stężenia i ocena ryzyka. Gdańsk: Fundacja rozwoju Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego 1999
• [46] Wolska L., Namieśnik J.: Distribution of Pollutants in the Odra river system. Part II. Organic pollutants in Odra river water, Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 11, 655–661, 2002.
• [47] Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z 19 listopada 2002 r. w sprawie wymagań dotyczących jakości wody przeznaczonej do spożycia przez ludzi (Dz. U. z 5 grudnia 2002 r.)
• [48] Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z 11 lutego 2004 r. w sprawie klasyfikacji dla prezentowania stanu wód powierzchniowych i podziemnych, sposobu prowadzenia monitoringu oraz sposobu interpretacji wyników i prezentacji stanu tych wód (Dz. U. Nr 32, poz. 284).
• [49] Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z 29 listopada 2002 r. w sprawie warunków, jakie należy spełnić przy wprowadzaniu ścieków do wód lub do ziemi oraz w sprawie substancji szczególnie szkodliwych dla środowiska wodnego (Dz. U. 02.212.1799 z 16 grudnia 2002 r.)
• [50] Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z 16 kwietnia 2002 r. w sprawie rodzajów oraz stężeń substancji, które powodują, że urobek jest zanieczyszczony (Dz. U. z 2002 r. Nr 55, poz. 498)
• [51] Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z 9 września 2002 r. w sprawie standardów jakości gleby oraz standardów jakości ziemi (Dz. U.02.165.1359 z dnia 4 października 2002 r.).
• [52] Wardencki W., Curyło J., Namieśnik J.: Green Chemistry – current and future issues, Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 14, 389–395, 2005.
• [53] Namieśnik J.: Zielona chemia analityczna – nowe podejście do analizy, Chem. Inż. Ekol., 8, 327–333, 2001.
• [54] Namieśnik J.: Green analytical chemistry – some remarks. J. Sep. Sci., 24, 151–153, 2001.
• [55] Anastas P. T., Warner J. C., Greek Chemistry: Theory and Practice. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, Oxford University Press 2000.
• [56] Suna H., Tateda M., Ikea M., Fujita M.: Short- and long-term sorption/desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons onto artificial solids: effects of particle and pore sizes and organic matters, Wat. Res. 37, 2960–2968, 2003.
• [57] Sun F., Littlejohn D, Gibson M.D.: Ultrasonication extraction and solid phase extraction clean-up for determination of US EPA 16 priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorption detection, Anal. Chim. Acta, 364, 1–11, 1998.
• [58] Sawada A., Kanai K., Fukushima M.: Preparation of artificially spiked soil with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for soil pollution analysis, Anal. Sci., 20, 239–241, 2004.
• [59] Santana J.J., Padrón C.: Fluorescence techniques for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine environment: an overview, Analusis, 28, 710–717, 2000.
• [60] Procedura ISO 17993:2002, Water quality - Determination of 15 PAHs in water by HPLC with fluorescence detection.
• [61] Jaouen-Madoulet A., Abarnou A., Le Guelleca A.-M., Loizeaua V., Leboulengerb F.: Validation of an analytical procedure for polychlorinated biphenyls, coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples, J. Chromatogr. A, 886, 153–173, 2000.
• [62] Anyakora Ch., Ogbeche A., Palmer P., Coker H., Ukpo G., Ogah C.: GC/MS analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment samples from the Niger Delta region, Chemosphere 60, 990–997, 2005.
• [63] Procedura ISO 6468:1996, Jakość wody: Oznaczanie wybranych chloroorganicznych insektycydów, polichlorowanych bifenyli i chlorobenzenów. Metoda chromatografii gazowej po ekstrakcji ciecz-ciecz.
• [64] Vecera Z., Bartosıkova A., Sklenska J., Mikuska P.: A large volume injection procedure for GC-MS determination of PAHs and PCBs, Chromatographia, 61, 197–200, 2005.
• [65] Ruddy B. A., Aldstadt J. H.: Challenges in the application of conventional PCB quantitation methods to studies of ‘invasive’ freshwater organisms, J. Environ. Monit., 9, 260–265, 2007.
• [66] Wolska L., Galer K., Górecki T., Namieśnik J.: Surface water preparation procedure for chromatografic determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls, Talanta, 50, 985–991, 1999.
• [67] Wolska L., Galer K., Namieśnik J.: Transport and Speciation of PAHs and PCBs in a River Ecosystem, Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 12, 105–110, 2003.
• [68] Wolska L., Rawa-Adkonis M., Namieśnik J.: Determining PAHs and PCBs in aqueous samples: finding and evaluating sources of error, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 382, 1389–1397, 2005.
• [69] Zhang S., Zhang Q., Darisaw S., Ehie O., Wang G.: Simultaneous quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in Mississippi river water, in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, Chemosphere, 66 1057–1069, 2007.
• [70] Phillips J., Xu J.: Comprehensive multi-dimensional gas chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A, 703, 327–334, 1995.
• [71] Harju M., Haglund P.: Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography(GCxGC) of atropisomeric PCBs, combining a narrow bore -cyclodextrin column and a liquid crystal column, J. Microcol. Sep., 13, 300–3005, 2001.
• [72] Ong R., Lundstedt S., Haglund P., Marriott P.: Pressurised liquid extraction–comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for fast-screening of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil, J. Chromatogr. A, 1019, 221–232, 2003.
• [73] Panić O., Górecki T.: Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) in environmental analysis and monitoring, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 386, 1013–1023, 2006.
• [74] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Method 550, Cincinnati, Ohio 1990, s. 117.
• [75] Brinkman U.A.Th., Hankemeier Th. and Vreuls J.J.: On-line Solid-Phase Extraction - Gas Chromatography for Water Analysis, Chem. Anal., 40, 495–502, 1995.
• [76] Brouwer E. R., Struys E. A., Vreuls J. J., Brinkman U. A. Th.: Automated determination of pyrethroid insecticides in surface water by column liquid chromatography with diode array UV detection, using on-line micelle-mediated sample preparation, Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem., 350, 487–495, 1994.
• [77] Brouwer E. R., Hermans A. N. J., Lingeman H., Brinkman U. A. Th.: Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface water by column liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, using on-line micelle-mediated sample preparation, J. Chromatogr. A, 669, 45–57, 1994.
• [78] Poerschmann J., Zhang Z., Kopinke F. D., Pawliszyn J.: Solid Phase Microextraction for Determining the Distribution of Chemicals in Aqueous Matrices Anal. Chem. 69, 597–600, 1997.
• [79] Doong R., Chang S. M.: Determination of Distribution Coefficients of Priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Solid-Phase Microextraction, Anal. Chem., 72, 3647–3652 (2000).
• [80] Gorecki T.; Khaled A.; Pawliszyn J.: The effect of sample volume on quantitative analysis by solid phase microextraction Part 2. Experimental verification, Analyst, 123, 2819–2824, 1998.
• [81] Popp P., Bauer C., Hauser B., Keil P., Wennrich L.: Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine compounds from water: A comparison between solid-phase microextraction and stir bar sorptive extraction, J. Sep. Sci., 26, 961–967, 2003.
• [82] Baltussen E., Sandra P., David F., Cramers C.: Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), a novel extraction technique for aqueous samples: theory and principles. J. Microcolumn Sep., 11, 737–747, 1999.
• [83] Shiaris M. P., Sherrill T. W., Sayler G. S.: Tenax-GC Extraction Technique for Residual Polychlorinated Biphenyl and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Analysis in Biodegradation Assays, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 39, 165–171, 1980.
• [84] Carroll K. M., Harkness M. R., Bracco A. A., Balcarcel R. R.: Application of a permeant/polymer diffusional model to the desorption of polychlorinated biphenyls from Hudson river sediments, Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 253–258, 1994.
• [85] Yeom I-T., Ghosh M. M., Cox C. D., Ahn K-H.: Dissolution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from weathered contaminated soil, Wat. Sci. Tech. 34, 335–342, 1996.
• [86] Jonsson J. A., Mathiasson L.: Liquid membrane extraction in analytical sample preparation, TrAC – Trends Anal. Chem. 18, 318–325, 1999.
• [87] He Y., Lee H. K.: Liquid-Phase Microextraction in a Single Drop of Organic Solvent by Using a Conventional Microsyringe, Anal. Chem., 69, 4634–4640, 1997.
• [88] Vreuls J. J, Louter A. J. H., Brinkman U. A. Th.: On-line combination of aqueous-sample preparation and capillary gas chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A, 856, 279–314, 1999.
• [89] Knopp D.: Application of immunological methods for the determination of environmental pollutants in human biomonitoring, Anal. Chim. Acta, 311, 383–392, 1995.
• [90] Sherry J. P.: Clement R.E., Environmental Chemistry: The Immunoassay Option, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 23, 217 – 300, 1992.
• [91] Meulenberg E. P., Muller W. H. Stoks P.G.: Immunoassey for pesticides, Environ. Sci Technol, 29, 553–561, 1995.
• [92] Scharnweber T., Fisher M., Suchànek M., Knopp D., Niessner R.: Monoclonal antibody to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on a new benzo[a]pyrene immunogen, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 371, 578–585, 2001.
• [93] Knopp D., Seifert M., Vaananen V., Niessner R.: Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Water and Soil Samples by Immunological and Chromatographic Methods, Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 2035–2041, 2000.
• [94] Goryacheva I. Y., Eremin S. A., Shutaleva E. A., Suchanek M., Niessner R., Knopp D.: Development of a Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Anal. Lett., 40, 1445–1460, 2007.
• [95] Bowardt S., Mazeas L., Miller D. J., Hawthorne S. B.: Field-portable determination of polychlorinated biphenyls and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in soil using supercritical fluid extraction, J. Chromatogr. 785, 205–217, 1997.
• [96] EPA/600/R-05/156 - research report: Technologies and Techniques for Early Warning Systems to Monitor and Evaluate Drinking Water Quality: A State-of-the-Art Review. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology Health and Ecological Criteria Division, 2005.
• [97] Font G., Manes J., Molto J. C., Pico Y.: Current developments in the analysis of water pollution by polychlorinated biphenyls, J. Chromatogr. A. 733, 449–471, 1996.
• [98] Yrieiex C., Gonzales C., Deroux J. M., Lacoste C., Leybros J.: Contercurrent liquid/liquid extraction for analysis of organic water pollutants by GC/MS, Water Res. 30, 1791–1800, 1996.
• [99] Stokłosa M., Wolska L., Namieśnik J.: Life cycle assessment - a new approach to the question of environmental strain caused by analytical laboratories, Ecol. Chem. Eng. 14, 99–111, 2007.
• [100] Namieśnik J., Łukasiak J., Jamrógiewicz Z.: Pobieranie próbek środowiskowych do analizy. (Red. J. Namieśnik). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN 1995.
• [101] Lung S. C., Yanagisawa Y., Ford T. E., Spengler J. D.: Characteristics of sorption losses of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners onto glass surfaces , Chemosphere, 41, 1857–1864, 2000.
• [102] Procedura PN-EN ISO 6468:2002, Jakość wody: Oznaczanie wybranych chloroorganicznych insektycydów, polichlorowanych bifenyli i chlorobenzenów. Metoda chromatografii gazowej po ekstrakcji ciecz-ciecz.
• [103] Brown J. N., Ppeake B. M.: Determination of colloidally-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fresh water using C18 solid phase extraction disks, Anal. Chim. Acta, 486, 159–169, 2003.
• [104] Rawa-Adkonis M., Wolska L., Przyjazny A., Namieśnik J.: Sources of errors associated with the determination of PAH and PCB analytes in water samples, Anal. Lett., 39, 2317–1331, 2006.
• [105] Marce, R. M., Borrull, F.: Solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic compounds, J. Chromatogr. A, 885, 273–290, 2000.
• [106] Nirmaier H. P., Fischer E., Meyer A., Henze G.: Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric detection J. Chromatogr. A, 730, 169, 1996.
• [107] Benijts T., Vercammen J., Dams R., Tuan H. P., Lambert W., Sandra P.: Stir bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorption-capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry applied to the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls in human sperm, J. Chromatogr. B, 755, 137–142, 2001.
• [108] Leksykon ochrony środowiska. Gdańsk: Fundacja Ekobaltic 1995.
• [109] Gdaniec M., Wolska L., Namieśnik J.: Specjacja fizyczna analitów z grupy wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych w środowisku wodnym, Chem. Inż. Ekol., 12, 455–478, 2005.
• [110] Goldberg E. D., Baker M., Fox D. L.: Microfiltration in oceanographic research. I. Marine sampling with molecular filter, J. Mar. Res., 11, 197–204, 1952.
• [111] Gomółka E., Szaynok A., Chemia wody i powietrza. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Wrocławskiej 1993.
• [112] Readman J. W., Mantoura R. F. C., Rhead M. M.: The physico-chemical speciation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in aquatic systems. Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem., 319, 126–131, 1984
• [113] The determination of 6 specific PAHs, Materials for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London 1985.
• [114] PN-EN ISO 6468:2002, Jakość wody: Oznaczanie wybranych chloroorganicznych insektycydów, polichlorowanych bifenyli i chlorobenzenów. Metoda chromatografii gazowej po ekstrakcji ciecz-ciecz.
• [115] EPA Method 1668:1999, Revision A: Chlorinated Biphenyl Congeners in Water, Soil, Sediment, and Tissue by HRGC/HRMS
• [116] ISO/DIS 7981-2:1990, Water quality – Determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).
• [117] ISO/DIS 7981-1:1997, Water quality – Determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).
• [118] Wolska L., Wardencki W., Wiergowski M., Zygmunt B., Zabiegała B., Konieczka P., Poprawski L., Biernat J. F. and Namieśnik J.: Evaluation of pollution degree of the Odra river basin with organic compounds after the 1997 summer flood – General comments, Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol., 27, 343–349, 1999.
• [119] Wardencki W., Staniszewska M., Wolska L., Janicki W., Namieśnik J.: Evaluation of pollution degree of the Odra river basin with organic compounds after the 97 summer flood. Part II. Determination of volatile and semivolatile compounds in post-flood sediments of the Odra basin, Chem. Anal., 45, 291–296, 2000.
• [120] Galer K, Zygmunt B., Wolska L., Namieśnik J.: Evaluation of pollution degree of the Odra river basin with organic compounds after the 97 summer flood. Part III. Determination of pollution of post-flood sediments with Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Chem. Anal., 45, 297–304, 2000.
• [121] Zygmunt B., Wolska L., Namieśnik J.: Sources and concentration of organic pollutants in the Odra river, Chem. Inż. Ekol., 8–9, 973–980, 2001.
• [122] Wolska L., Staniszewska M., Jastrzębska A., Konieczka P., Namieśnik J.: Determination of chlorobenzenes in water and sediment sample collected from Odra river, Chem. Inż. Ekol., 8–9, 959–964, 2001.
• [123] Helios-Rybicka E., Knöchel A., Meyer A-K., Protasowicki M., Poprawski L., Wolska L., Namieśnik J.: Distribution of Pollutants in the Odra river system. Part I. General description of the International Odra Project (IOP), Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 11, 649–653, 2002.
• [124] Wolska L., Namieśnik J.: Distribution of Pollutants in the Odra river system. Part III. Organic pollutants in bottom sediments, Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 11, 663–668, 2002.
• [125] Wolska L., Zygmunt B, Namiesnik J.: Organic pollutants in the Odra river ecosystem, Chemosphere, 53, 561–569, 2003.
• [126] Wolska L., Rawa-Adkonis M., Macutkiewicz E., Marczak M., Namieśnik J.: Identification attempts to identyfy toluene in post-flood sediment samples from the Odra river (flood 1997), Chem. Inż. Ekol. 11, 399–405, 2004.
• [127] Kuczyńska A., Wolska L., Namieśnik J.: Non-Regulated Organic Compounds (NROC's) in the Odra River water samples, Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 13, 295–301, 2004.
• [128] Kuczynska A, Wolska L, Namiesnik J.: An attempt to identify volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds present in the Odra River waters, Chromatographia, 60, 279–289, 2004.
• [129] Galer K., Wolska L., Namieśnik J.: Evaluation of effect of SPM filtration on determination of PCB and PAH in surface waters, Chem. Inż. Ekol. 8, 817–823, 2001.
• [130] Nogami Y., Imaeda R., Ito T., Kira S.: Benzo(a)pireno adsorbed to suspended solids in fresh water, Int. Environ. Toxicol, 15, 500–503, 2000.
• [131] Gustavson K., Harkin J.: Comparison of Sampling Techniques and Evaluation of Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) for Monitoring Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Groundwater, Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 4445–4451, 2000.
• [132] Ghosh U., Gillette S., Luthy R. G., Zare R. N.: Microscale location, characterization, and association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on harbor sediment particles. Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 1729–1736, 2000.
• [133] Mahajan T. B., Ghosh U., Zare R. N., Luthy R. G.: Microscale detection of polychlorinated biphenyls using two-step laser mass spectrometry, Inter. J. Mass Spectr. 212, 41–48, 2001.
• [134] Ghosh U., Weber S., Jensen J., Smith A.: Relationship between PCB desorption equilibrium, kinetics, and availability during land biotreatment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 2542–2548, 2000.
• [135] Bjorklund E., Nilsson T. , Bøwadt S., Pilorz K., Mathiasson L., Hawthorne S. B. J.: Introducing selective supercritical fluid extraction as a new tool for determining sorption / desorption behavior and bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants in sedyment, J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 43, 295–311, 2000.
• [136] Bowman J. C., Zhou J. L., Readman J. W.: Sorption and desorption of benzo(a)pyrene in aquatic systems, J. Environ. Monit. 4, 761–766, 2002.
• [137] van den Heuvel H., van Noort P. C. M.: Removal of indigenous compounds to determine maximum capacities for adsorption of phenanthrene by sediments, Chemosphere, 54, 763–769, 2004.
• [138] Quintana J. B., Rodríguez I.: Strategies for the microextraction of polar organic contaminants in water samples, Anal. Bioana.l Chem., 384, 1447–1461, 2006.
• [139] Yang Y., Hawrhorne S. B., Miller D. J., Liu Y., Lee M. L.: Adsorption versus absorption of Polychlorinated Biphenyls onto Solid-Phase Microextraction Coatings, Anal. Chem., 70, 1866–1869, 1998.
• [140] Popp P., Keila P., Montero L., Ruckert M.: Optimized method for the determination of 25 polychlorinated biphenyls in water samples using stir bar sorptive extraction followed by thermodesorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr., 1071, 155–162, 2005.
• [141] Murray, D. A. J.: Rapid micro extraction procedure for analyses of trace amounts of organic compounds in water by gas choromatography and comparisons with macro extraction methods, J. Chromatogr., 177, 135–140, 1979.
• [142] Cantwell F. F., Jeannot M. A.: Solvent Microextraction into a Single Drop, Anal. Chem., 68, 2236–2240, 1996.
• [143] Psillakis E., Kalogerakis N.: Developments in single-drop microextraction, TrAC – Trends Anal. Chem., 21, 54–64, 2002.
• [144] Tan B. Ch. D., Marriott P. J., Lee H. K., Morrisom P. D.: In-tube solid phase micro-extraction–gas chromatography of volatile compounds in aqueous solution, Analyst, 124, 651–663, 1999.
• [145] Russo M. V., Goretti G., Veschetti E., Cutilli D.: Short Open Tubular Columns to Trap Organic Micro-pollutants from Aqueous Samples, Chromatographia, 54, 225–235, 2001.
• [146] Olejniczak J., Staniewski J., Szymanowski J.: Extraction of selected pollutants in open tubular capillary columns, Anal. Chim. Acta, 497, 199–207, 2003.
• [147] Huckins, J. N., Petty, J. D., Orazio, C. E., Lebo, J. A., Clark, R. C., Gibson, V. L., Gala, W. R., Echols, K. R.: Determination of uptake kinetics (sampling rates) by lipidcontaining semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water, Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 3918–3923, 1999.
• [148] Kot A., Zabiega B., Namieśnik J.: Passive sampling for long-term monitoring of organic pollutants in water, TrAC – Trends Anal. Chem., 19, 446–459, 2000.
• [149] Luellen D., Shea D.: Calibration and Field Verification of Semipermeable Membrane Devices for Measuring Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water, Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 1791–1797, 2002.
• [150] Namieśnik J., Zabiegała B., Kot-Wasik A, Partyka M., Wasik A.: Passive sampling and/or extraction techniques in environmental analysis: a review, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 381, 279–301, 2005.
• [151] Kot-Wasik A., Zabiegała B., Urbanowicz M., Dominiak E.,Wasik A., Namieśnik J.: Advances in passive sampling in environmental studies, Anal. Chim. Acta, 602, 141–163, 2007.
• [152] Huckins J. N., Gamlni J., Manuweera K., Petty J. D., Mackay D., Lebo J. A.: Lipid-Containing Semipermeable Membrane Devices for Monitoring Organic Contaminants in Water, Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 2489–2496, 1993.
• [153] Verweij F., Booij K., Satumalay K., van der Molen N., van der Oost R.: Assessment of bioavailable PAH, PCB and OCP concentrations in water, using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), sediments and caged carp, Chemosphere, 54,1675–1689, 2004.
• [154] Rawa-Adkonis M., Wolska L., Namieśnik J.: Analytical Procedures for PAH and PCB Determination in Water Samples – Error Sources. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 32, 63–72, 2006.
• [155] Ricci M., Bercaru O., Morabito R., Brunori C., Ipolyi I., Pellegrino C., Sahuquillo A., Ulberth F.: Critical evaluation of interlaboratory comparisons for PAHs and pesticides in organic standard solutions in support of the implementation of the Water Framework Directive, TrAC -Trends Anal. Chem., 26, 818–827, 2007.
• [156] Coquery M., Morin A., Becue A., Lepot B.: Priority substances of European Water Framework Directive: analytical Chellenges in monitoring, TrAC – Trends Anal. Chem., 24, 117–127, 2005.
• [157] Internet: http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osady
• [158] Chen G. S., Schramm K.-W., Klimm C. Xu Y., Zhang Y. Y., Kettrup A.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Ya-Er Lake (Hubei, China): sources and distribution, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 359, 280–284, 1997.
• [159] Quantin C., Joner E. J., Portal J. M., Berthelin J.: PAH dissipation in a contaminated river sediment under oxic and anoxic conditions, Environ. Poll., 134, 315–322, 2005.
• [160] Le Dreau Y., Jacquot F., Doumenq P., Guiliano M.,Bertrand J. C., Mille G.: Hydrocarbon Balance of a Site which had been Highly and Chronically Contaminated by Petroleum Wastes of a Refinery (from 1956 to 1992) Mar. Poll. Bull., 34, 456–468, 1997.
• [161] Honnen W., Rath K., Schlegel T., Schwinger A., Frahne D., Chemical analyses of water, sediment and biota in two small streams in southwest Germany, J. Aquat. Ecosyst. Stress Recov., 8, 195–213, 2001.
• [162] Voie R. A., Johnsen A., Rossland H. K.: Why biota still accumulate high levels of PCB after removal of PCB contaminated sediments in a Norwegian fjord, Chemosphere, 46, 1367–1372, 2002.
• [163] Nhan D. D., Am N. M., Carvalho F. P., Villeneuvec J.-P., Cattinic C.: Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs along the coast of north Vietnam, Sci. Total Environ., 238, 363–371, 1999.
• [164] Macdonald, C. R., Metcalfe, C. D.: Concentration and Distribution of PCB Congeners in Isolated Ontario Lakes Contaminated by Atmospheric Deposition, Canadian J. Fish. Aquatic Sci., 48, 371–381, 1991.
• [165] Saim N., Dean J. R., Abdullah M. P., Zakaria Z.: Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soil using Soxhlet extraction, pressurised and atmospheric microwave-assisted xtraction, supercritical fluid extraction and accelerated solvent extraction, J. Chromatogr. A, 791, 361–366, 1997.
• [166] Song Y. F., Jing X., Fleischmann S., Wilke B.-M.: Comparative study of extraction methods for the determination of PAHs from contaminated soils and sediments, Chemosphere 48, 993–1001, 2002.
• [167] Edgar P. J., Hursthouse A. S., Matthews J. E., Davies I. M., Hillier S.: Sediment influence on congener-specific PCB bioaccumulation by Mytilus edulis: a case study from an intertidal hot spot, Clyde Estuary, UK, J. Environ. Monit., 8, 887–896, 2006.
• [168] Jonker M. O., Smedes F.: Preferential sorption of planar contaminants in sediments from lake Ketelmeer, The Netherlands, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34,1620–1626, 2000.
• [169] Yang Y., Ratte D., Smets B. F., Pignatello J. J., Grasso D.: Mobilization of soil organic matter by complexing agents and implication for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon desorption, Chemosphere, 43, 1013–1021, 2001.
• [170] Cornelissen G., van Zuilen H., van Noort P. C. M.: Particle size dependence of slow desorption of in situ PAHs from sediments, Chemosphere, 38, 2369–2380, 1999.
• [171] Accardi-Dey M., Goschwend P. M.: Assessing the Combined Roles of Natural Organic Matter and Black Carbon as Sorbents in Sediments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 21–29, 2002.
• [172] van Noorta P. C. M., Cornelissen G., ten Hulschera T. E. M., Vrinda B. A., Rigterinka H, Belfroidb A.: Slow and very slow desorption of organic compounds from sediment: influence of sorbate planarity, Wat. Res., 37, 2317–2322, 2003.
• [173] Wolska L.: Miniaturised analytical procedure of determining polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in bottom sediments, J. Chromatogr. A, 959, 173–180, 2002.
• [174] Decyzja Komisji z 14 sierpnia 2002 r., wykonująca dyrektywę Rady 96/23/WE dotyczącą wyników metod analitycznych i ich interpretacji (notyfikowana jako dokument nr C(2002) 3044) (2002/657/WE).
• [175] Martens D., Gfrerer M., Wenzl T., Zhang A., Gawlik B. M., Schramm K.-W., Lankmayr E., Kettrup A.: Comparison of different extraction techniques for the determination of polychlorinated organic compounds in sediment, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 372, 562–568, 2002.
• [176] Yang Y., Bowadt S., Hawthorne S. B., Miller D. J.: Subcritical Water Extraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Soil and Sediment, Anal. Chem. 67, 4571–4576, 1995.
• [177] Langenfeld J. J., Steven J., Hawthorne B., Miller D. J., Pawliszyn J.: Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Supercritical Fluid Extraction Efficiencies of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Anal. Chem. 65, 336–344, 1993.
• [178] EPA method 3561, Supercritical fluid extraction of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, SW-846 update 111, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1995.
• [179] EPA method 3562, Supercritical fluid extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides, scheduled for future update of SW-846, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1995.
• [180] Nilsson T., Hakkinen J., Larsson P., Bjorklund E.: Selective supercritical fluid extraction to identify aged sediment-bound PCBs available for uptake by eel, Environ. Poll., 140, 87–94, 2006.
• [181] Ahrens M. J., Depree C. V.: Inhomogeneous distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different size and density fractions of contaminated sediment from Auckland Harbour, New Zealand: an opportunity for mitigation, Marine Poll. Bull., 48, 341–350, 2004.
• [182] Villeneuve J. P., de Mora S. J., Cattini C., Carvalho F. P.: World-wide and regional intercomparison for the determination of organochlorine compounds, petroleum hydrocarbons, and sterols in sediment sample, IAEA-408, International Atomic Energy Agency, Marine Environment Laboratory, B.P. No 800, MC-98012 Monacco, September 1999.
• [183] Northcott G. L., Jones K. C.: Experimental approaches and analytical techniques for determining organic compound bound residues in soil and sediment, Environ. Poll., 108, 19–43, 2000.
• [184] Wang X-Ch., Zhang Y-X., Chen R.: Distribution and partitioning of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different size fractions in sediments from Boston harbor, United States. Marine Poll. Bull., 42, 1139–1149, 2001.
• [185] Gfrerer M., Serschen M., Lankmayr E.: Optimized extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soil samples, J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 53, 203–216, 2002.
• [186] Arzayus K. M., Dickhut R. M., Canuel E. A.: Effects of physical mixing on the attenuation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in estuarine sediments, Org. Geochem., 33, 1759–1769, 2002.
• [187] Gustafsson O., Haghseta F., Chan C., MacFarlane J., Gschwend, P. M.: Quantification of the Dilute Sedimentary Soot Phase: Implications for PAH Speciation and Bioavailability, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 203–209, 1997.
• [188] Burford M. D., Hawthorne S. B., Miller D. J.: Extraction rates of spiked versus native PAHs from heterogeneous environmental samples using supercritical fluid extraction and sonication in methylene chloride, Anal. Chem. 65, 1497–1505, 1993.
• [189] Wnorowski A., Tardif M., Harnish D., Poole G., Chiu Chung. H.: Correction of analytical results for recovery: determination of PAHs in ambient air, soil and diesel emission control samples by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 26, 313–329, 2006.
• [190] Northcott G., Jones K.: Partitioning, Extractability, and Formation of Nonextractable PAH Residues in Soil. 1. Compound Differences in Aging and Sequestration, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 1103–1110, 2001.
• [191] Muntau H.: Recent developments In the field of environmental reference materials At the JRC Iskra, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 370, 134–141, 2001.
• [192] Guidelines for the in-house production of reference materials, version2, LGC /VAM/1998/040.
• [193] Quevauviller Ph., Requirements for production and use of Certified Reference Materials for speciation analysis: A European Commission perspective, Spectrochim. Acta, 53, 1261–1279, 1998.
• [194] Brnabas I. J., Dean J. R., Tomlinson W. R., Owen S. P.: Experimental design approach for the extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from soil using supercritical carbon dioxide, Anal. Chem. 67, 2064–2069, 1995.
• [195] Morales-Munoz S., Luque-Garcia J. L., Luque de Castro M. D.: Pressurized hot water extraction with on-line fluorescence monitoring: a comparison of the static, dynamic, and static-dynamic modes for the removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from environmental solid samples, Anal. Chem., 74, 4213–4219, 2002.
• [196] McGowin A. E., Adom K. K., Obubuafo A. K.: Screening of compost for PAH and pesticides using static subcritical water extraction, Chemosphere, 45, 857–864, 2001.
• [197] Jennings W., Vapor-phase sampling. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun. 5, 221–229, 1979.
• [198] Hawthorne S. B., Yang Y., Miller D. J.: Extraction of organic pollutants from environmental solids with sub- and supercritical water, Anal. Chem. 66, 2912–2920, 1994.
• [199] Yang Y., Bowadt S., Hawthorne S.B., Miller D.J.: Subcritical Water Extraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from soil and sediment, Anal. Chem. 67, 4571–4576, 1995.
• [200] Luque de Castro M. D., Jimeènez-Carmona M. M.: Where is supercritical fluid extraction going?, TrAC – Trends Anal. Chem., 19, 223–228, 2000.
• [201] US EPA method 3561: 1996, Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
• [202] US EPA method 3562: 2007, Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Polichlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides.
• [203] Zougagh M., Valcarcel M., Rios A.: Supercritical fluid extraction: a critical review of its analytical usefulness, TrAC – Trends Anal. Chem., 23, 399–405, 2004.
• [204] Yang Y., Hildebrand F., Phenanthrene degradation in subcritical water, Anal. Chim. Acta, 555, 364–369, 2006.
• [205] Hawthorne S. B. , Trembley S., Moniot C. L., Grabanski C. B., Miller D. J.: Static subcritical water extraction with simultaneous solid-phase extraction for determining polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on environmental solids, J. Chromatogr. A, 886, 237–244, 2000.
• [206] Hawthorne S. B., Grabanski C. B., Hageman K. J., Miller D. J.: Simple method for estimating polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations on soils and sediments using subcritical water extraction coupled with solid-phase microextraction, J. Chromatogr. A, 814, 151–160, 1998.
• [207] Hawthorne S. B., Grabanski C.B., Martin E., Miller D. J.: Comparisons of Soxhlet extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and subcritical water extraction for environmental solids: recovery, selectivity and effects on sample matrix, J. Chromatogr. A, 892, 421–433, 2000.
• [208] Smith R.: Extractions with superheated water, J. Chromatogr. A, 975, 31–46, 2002.
• [209] Siskin M., Katritzky A. R.: A review of the reactivity of organic compounds with oxygen-containing functionality in superheated water, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 54, 193–214, 2000.
• [210] Siskin M., Katritzky A. R.: Reactivity of organic compounds in superheated water: general background, Chem. Rev,. 101, 825–835, 2001.
• [211] Katritzky A. R., Nichols D. A., Siskin M., Murugan R. Balasubramanian M.: Reactions in high-temperature aqueous media, Chem. Rev., 101, 837–892, 2001.
• [212] Kronholm J., Kuosmanen T., Hartonen K., Riekkola M.-L.: Destruction of PAHs from soil by using pressurized hot water extraction coupled with supercritical water oxidation, Waste Management, 23, 253–260, 2003.
• [213] Lagadec A. J. M., Miller D. J., Lilke A. V., Hawthone S. B.: Pilot-Scale Subcritical Water Remediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon- and Pesticide-Contaminated Soil, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 1542–1548, 2000.
• [214] Hernandez-Borges J., Rodriguez-Delgado M. A., Garcia-Montelongo F. J.: Optimization of the Microwave-Assisted Saponification and Extraction of Organic Pollutants from marine biota using experimental design and artificial neural networks, Chromatographia, 63, 155–160, 2006.
• [215] Hernandez-Borges J., Rodrıguez-Delgado M. A., Garcıa-Montelongo F. J.: Optimization of the Microwave-Assisted Saponification and Extraction of Organic Pollutants from Marine Biota Using Experimental Design and Artificial Neural Networks, Chromatographia, 63, 155–160, 2006.
• [216] Mangas E., Vaquero M. T., Comellas L., Broto-Puig F.: Analysis and fate of aliphatic hydrocarbons, linear alkylbenzenes, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sloe-amended soils, Chemosphere, 36, 61–72, 1998.
• [217] Krauss M., Wilcke W.: Polychlorinated naphthalenes in urban soils: analysis, concentrations, and relation to other persistent organic pollutants, Environ. Poll. 122, 75–89, 2003.
• [218] Jang J.-K, Li A.: Separation of PCBs and PAHs in sediment samples using silica gel fractionation chromatography, Chemosphere, 44, 1439–1445, 2001.
• [219] Barranco A., Alonso-Salces R. M., Bakkali A., Berrueta L. A., Galloa B., Vicentea F., Sarobe M.: Solid-phase clean-up in the liquid chromatographic determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils, J. Chromatogr. A, 988 33–40, 2003.
• [220] Dąbrowska H., Dąbrowski Ł, Biziuk M., Gaca J., Namieśnik J.: Solid-phase extraction clean-up of soil and sediment extracts for the determination of various types of pollutants in a single run, J. Chromatogr. A, 1003 29–42, 2003.
• [221] Fuoco R., Giannarelli S., Onor M., Ceccarini A., Carli V.: Optimized cleanup methods of organic extracts for the determination of organic pollutants in biological samples, Microchem. J., 79, 69– 76, 2005.
• [222] Raccanelli S., Pavoni B., Maroli L., Sfriso A.: One step clean-up and separation of chlorinated, aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples, prior to gas chromatographic quantification Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 45, 121–137, 1994.
• [223] Poster D. L., Schantz M. M., Sander L. C., Wise S. A.: Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental samples: a critical review of gas chromatographic (GC) methods, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 386, 859–881, 2006.
• [224] ISO 11348-1(2,3):1998 (PN-EN ISO 11348-1:2002) Oznaczanie spadku bioluminescencji bakterii w próbkach wody (1-metoda z zastosowaniem świeżo przygotowanych bakterii, 2- metoda z zastosowaniem wysuszonych bakterii, 3- metoda z zastosowaniem liofilizowanych bakterii).
• [225] Persoone G. Cyst – based toxicity tests: VI. Toxkits and Fluotox tests as cost-effective tools for routine toxicity screening, [W]: Biologische Testverfahren, K. G. Steinhauser, P. D. Hansen, Eds., Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 563–576, 1992.
• [226] Calleja M. C., Persoone G.: Cyst – based toxicity tests: IV. The potential of ecotoxicological tests for the prediction of acute toxicity in man as evaluated on the first ten chemicals of the MEIC programme. ATLA. 20, 395, 1992.
• [227] http://www.microbiotests.be
• [228] Lucivjanska V., Lucivjanska M., CizekV.: Sensitivity comparison of the ISO Daphnia and algal test procedures with Toxkit microbiotests, 243–246 [W:] New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring Ed: Persoone G., Janssen C., De Coen W., Springer 2000, 550 s.
• [229] Final Report. Comparison of Results from Alternative Acute Toxicity Tests with Rainbow Troutfor Selected Mine Effluents. Danielle Rodrigue, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET), Ontario, Canada, 1996.
• [230] Belgis Z. Ch., Persoone G., Blaise Ch.: Cyst-based toxicity tests XVI – sensitivity comparison of the solid phase Heterocypris incongruens microbiotest with the Hyalella azteca and Chironomus riparius contact assays on freshwater sediments from Peninsula Harbour (Ontario,Canada), Chemosphere, 52, 95–101, 2003.
• [231] Nałęcz-Jawecki G., Sawicki J.: A Comparison of Sensitivity of Spirotox Biotest with Standard Toxicity Tests, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 42, 389–395, 2002.
• [232] Czerniawska-Kusza I., Ciesielczuk T., Kusza G., Cichon A.: Comparison of the Phytotoxkit Microbiotest and Chemical Variables for Toxicity Evaluation of Sediments, Environ. Toxicol., 367–372, 2006.
• [233] Daniel M., Sharpe A., Driver J., Knight A. W., Keenan P. O., Walmsley R. M., Robinson A., Zhange T., Rawsone D.: Results of a technology demonstration project to compare rapid aquatic toxicity screening tests in the analysis of industrial effluents, J. Environ. Monit., 6, 855–865, 2004.
• [234] Reincke H., Schulte-Oehlmann U, Duft M., Markert B., Oehlmann J., Stachel B., Biologisches Effektmonitoring an Sedimenten der Elbe mit Potamopyrgus antipodarum und Hinia (Nassarius) rericulata (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). ARGE-Elbe, 2001.
• [235] Grote M., Altenburger R., Brack W., Moschütz S., Mothes S., Michael C., Narten G. B., Paschke A., Schirmer K., Walter H., Wennrich R., Wenzel K. D., Schürmann G.: Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol., 33, 555, 2005.
• [236] Krebs, F.: The pT-value as a classification index in aquatic toxicology. GIT Edition Umweltanalytik-Umweltschutz, 1, 57–63, 1988.
• [237] Helcom Recommendation 23/11. Requirements for discharging of waste water from the chemical industry, Adopted 6 March 2002, having regard to Article 20, Paragraph 1 b) of the Helsinki Convention. Annex 13, Helsinki, Finland, 61–66, 2002.
• [238] Helcom Recommendation 23/12. Reduction of discharges and emissions from production of textiles, Adopted 6 March 2002, having regard to Article 20, Paragraph 1 b) of the Helsinki Convention. Annex 14, Helsinki, Finland, 67–72, 2002.
• [239] Helcom Recommendation 23/10. Reduction of discharges and emissions from production and formulation of pesticides, Adopted 6 March 2002, having regard to Article 20, Paragraph 1 b) of the Helsinki Convention. Annex 12, Helsinki, Finland, 56–60, 2002.
• [240] Costan G., Bermingham N., Blaise C., Ferard J. F.: Potential ecotoxic effects probe (PEEP): a novel index to assess and compare the toxic potential of industrial effluents, Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual., 8, 115–140, 1993.
• [241] Blaise C., Ferard J. F. (eds.): Small-scale Frashwater Toxicity Investigations, vol. 2, 69–87, Springer 2005.
• [242] Kusui T.: Japanese Application of Bioassays for Environmental Management, Sci. World J., 2, 537–541, 2002.
• [243] Manusadzianas L., Balkelyte L., Sadauskas K., Blinova I., Pollumaa L., Kahru A.: Ecotoxicological study of Lithuanian and Estonian wastewaters: selection of the biotests, and correspondence between toxicity and chemical-based indices, Aquatic Toxicology, 63, 27–41, 2003.
• [244] Vindimian E., Garric J., Flammarion P., Thybaud E., Babut M.: An index of effluent aquatic toxicity designed by partial least squares regression, using acute and chronic tests and expert judgements. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18, 2386–2391, 1999.
• [245] Roghair C. J., Struijs J., De Zwart D.: Measurement of toxic potency in freshwaters in the Netherlands. Part A. Methods. RIVM Report 607504 004. National Institute of Public Health and Enviroment, The Netherlands, 1997.
• [246] Aldenberg, T., Slob, W.: Confidence limits for hazardous concentrations based on logistically distributed NOEC toxicity data, Ecotox. Env. Saf., 25, 48–63, 1993.
• [247] Struijs J., Ritsema R., v.d. Kamp R., de Zwart D.: A pilot of new monitoring techniques, RIVM report 607200 003, National Institute of Public Health and Enviroment, The Netherlands, 2000.
• [248] Bombardier M., Bermingham N.: The SED-TOX Index: toxity-directed management tool to assess and rank sediments based on their hazard concept and application. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18, 685–688, 1999.
• [249] Persoone G., Marsalek B., Blinova I., Törökne A., Zarina D., Manusadzianas L., Nałęcz-Jawecki G., Tofan L., Stepanova N., Tothova L., Kolar B.: A practical and user-friendly toxicity classification system with microbiotests for natural waters and wastewaters. Environ. Toxicol., 18, 395–402, 2003.
• [250] Galassi S., Guzzella L., Croce V.: Screening organic micropollutants in surface waters by SPE extraction and ecotoxicological testing, Chemosphere, 54, 1619, 2004.
• [251] US EPA: Clarifications Regarding Toxicity Reduction and Identification Evaluations in the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Program, Washington, DC 20460, 27, March 2001.
• [252] Wolska L., Polkowska Ż.: Bacterial luminescence test screening of highly polluted areas in the Odra river, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 67, 52–58, 2001.
• [253] Raport końcowy z projektu badawczego: Zlewiska europejskie. Zmiany w zlewiskach i ich wpływ na wybrzeże. European Catchments. Catchment changes and their impact on the coast – EUROCAT (EVK1-CT-2000-00044), realizacja 2001–2004.
• [254] Wolska L., Michalska M., Bartoszewicz M.: Toksyczność ekosystemu. W: Rzeka Bug, zasoby wodne i przyrodnicze. (Red. J. Dojlido, W. Kowalczewski, R. Miłaszewski, J. Ostrowski). Warszawa: IMGW, Wyż. Szk. Ekol. i Zarz., 352–361, 2003.
• [255] Directives for the Management of Dredged Material from Waters within the Jurisdiction of the German Federal Waterways and Shipping Administration – HABAB-WSV 2000, HABAK-WSV 1999.
• [256] Raporty o stanie środowiska z lat 1999–2006: http://www.wios.lublin.pl/
• [257] Wolska L., Kuczyńska A., Namieśnik J.: Quality of groundwater contaminated by leachates from seven Polish landfills - chemical and ecotoxicological classifications, Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 88, 501–513, 2006.
• [258] Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z 11 lutego 2004 r w sprawie klasyfikacji stanu wód powierzchniowych i podziemnych, sposobu prowadzenia monitoringu oraz sposobu interpretacji wyników i prezentacji stanu tych wód (Dz. U. Nr 32, poz. 284).
• [259] Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z 16 kwietnia 2002 r. w sprawie rodzajów oraz stężeń substancji, które powodują, że urobek jest zanieczyszczony (Dz. U. z 2002 r. Nr 55, poz. 498).
• [260] Raport końcowy z prac badawczych wykonanych w ramach projektu „Ocena stanu ekologicznego Jeziora Turawskiego w celu opracowania działań na rzecz jego poprawy” w dniach od 15.10.2003 r. do 14.12.2004 r. Ekotoksyczność wód i osadów Jeziora Turawskiego. Próba identyfikacji zanieczyszczeń organicznych nie regulowanych prawnie. Umowa nr 3/PO/B/2003 z 15.10.2003. Wykonawca: Katedra Chemii Analitycznej, Wydział Chemiczny, Politechnika Gdańska. Autorzy: Namieśnik J., Wolska L., Gdańsk 2004.
• [261] Simeonov V., Wolska L., Kuczyńska A., Gurwin J., Tsakovski S., Namieśnik J.: Chemometric estimation of natural water samples using toxicity tests and physicochemical parameters, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 37, 81–90, 2007.
• [262] Simeonov V., Wolska L., Kuczyńska A., Gurwin J., Tsakovski S., Protasowicki M., Namieśnik J.: Sediment-quality assessment by intelligent data analysis, TrAC – Trends Anal. Chem., 26, 323–331, 2007.
• [263] Wells P. G., Lee K., Blaise C.: Microscale Testing in Aquatic Toxicology. Advances, Techniques and Practice. CRC Press 1998, 679 s.
• [264] Blaise C., Gagne F., Bombardier M.: Recent developments in microbiotesting and early millennium prospects. Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 123, 11–23, 2000.
• [265] Girling A. E., Pascoe D., Janssen C. R., Peither A., Wenzel A. A., Schafer H., Neumeier B., Mitchell G. C., Taylor E. J., Maund S. J., Lay J. P., Juttner A. I., Crossland N. O., Stephenson R. R., Persoone G.: Development of Methods for Evaluating Toxicity to Freshwater Ecosystems, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety, 45, 148–176, 2000.
• [266] Dubova L., Zarin Dz.: Application of Toxkit Microbiotests for Toxicity Assessment in Soil and Compost, Environ Toxicol. 19, 274 – 279, 2004.
• [267] Latif M., Licek E.: Toxicity Assessment of Wastewaters, River Waters, and Sediments in Austria Using Cost-Effective Microbiotests, Environ. Toxicol., 19, 302–309, 2004.
• [268] Pandard P., Devillers J., Charissou A.-M., Poulsen V., Jourdain M.-J., Férard J.-F., Grand C., Bispo A.: Selecting a battery of bioassays for ecotoxicological characterization of wastes, Sci. Total Environ., 363, 114–125, 2006.
• [269] Vosyliene M. Z.: Review of the methods for acute and chronic toxicity assessment of single substances, effluents and industrial waters, Acta Zoologica Lituanica, 17, 3–15, 2007.
• [270] Kuczyńska A., Wolska L., Namieśnik J.: Application of biotests in environmental research, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 35, 135–154, 2005.
• [271] Wolska L., Sagajdakow A., Kuczyńska A., Namieśnik J.: Application of ecotoxicological studies in integrated environmental monitoring: possibilities and problems, TrAC – Trends Anal. Chem., 26, 332–344, 2007.
• [272] Blinova I.: The Perspective of Microbiotests Application to Surface Water Monitoring and Effluent Control in Estonia, Environ. Toxicol., 15, 385–389, 2000.
• [273] Long E. R., Chapman P. M. A.: Sediment quality triad: measures of sediment contamination, toxicity and infaunal community composition in Puget Sound, Mar. Poll. Bull., 16, 405–415, 1985.
• [274] Tonkes M., Pols H., Warmer H., Bakker V.: Whole-effluent assessment, RIZA-report 98.034 Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment (RIZA), Lelystad, Holandia, October 1998.
• [275] van der Oost R.: Bioassays & biomarkers: the missing link in the EU Water Framework Directive, CIPAC International Symposium 2005, Utrecht, Netherlands.
• [276] Wadhia K., Thompson K. C.: Low-cost ecotoxicity testing of environmental samples using microbiotests for potential implementation of the Water Framework Directive, Trends Anal. Chem., 26, 300–307, 2007.
• [277] Wolska L.: Zintegrowany system oceny jakości środowiska wodnego, W : II Ogólnopolska Konferencja Naukowa: Nowe metody w ekotoksykologii - mikrobiotesty do szybkiej oceny toksyczności, Warszawa, 15–16 września 2005 / Zakład Badania Środowiska AM Warszawa: TIGRET Sp. z o.o., Warszawa, 25–16 września 2005, s. 13–16.
• [278] Allan I. J., Vrana B., Greenwood R., Mills G. A., Roig B., Gonzalez C.: A “toolbox” for biological and chemical monitoring requirements for the European Union’s Water Framework Directive, Talanta, 69, 302–322, 2006.