Wodnopochodne pasożytnicze pierwotniaki - zagrożenie zdrowia publicznego

• Autorzy: Majewska A.C.
• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Stale rosnące zanieczyszczenie środowiska stwarza wiele zagrożeń dla zdrowia ludzi. Problem bezpiecznej wody pitnej w krajach rozwiniętych stał się ostatnio niezwykle aktualny z uwagi na wodnopochodne epidemie wywoływane przez pasożytnicze pierwotniaki. Dotychczas odnotowano ponad 300 wodnopochodnych epidemii na całym świecie; większość z nich była wywołana przez Giardia i Cryptosporidium, a tylko niewielka część przez inne pasożytnicze pierwotniaki (Toxoplasama gondii, Entamoeba histolytica, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Isospora belli, Blastocystis hominis, Balantidium coli) i mikrosporydia (Karanis 2006). Epidemie te stanowią poważne zagrożenie dla zdrowia i życia ludzi i są dużym wyzwaniem dla systemu ochrony zdrowia publicznego na całym świecie. Grupę wysokiego ryzyka stanowią dzieci poniżej 5 roku życia, osoby w podeszłym wieku oraz osoby z niedoborami immunologicznymi (np. zakażone HIV, poddane leczeniu immunosupresyjnemu lub terapii przeciwnowo- tworowej).

Słowa kluczowe

PL

zanieczyszczenie środowiska; pasożyty; ochrona zdrowia

EN

environment pollution; parasites; health protection

• Wydawca: Wydawnictwo 2K TECHNOLOGIE s.c.
• Czasopismo: Technologia Wody
• Rocznik: 2011
• Tom: Nr 2 (10)
• Strony: 56--66
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 74 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Majewska A.C.

• Kierownik Katedry i Zakładu Biologii i Parazytologii Lekarskiej, Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu,

Bibliografia

• [1] Allen M.J., Clancy J.L., Rice E.W. The plain, hard truth about pathogen monitoring. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 92, 64-76, 2000.
• [2] Aramini J.J., Stephen C., Dubey J.P. To- xoplasma gondii in Vancouver Island couguars CFelis concolor vancouverensis): serology and oocyst shedding. J. Parasi- tol., 84, 438-440,1998.
• [3] Aramini J. J., Stephen C., Dubey J.P., En- gelstoft C., Schwantje H., Ribble C.S. Po- tential contamination of drinking water with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Epidemiol. Infect., 122, 305-315,1999.
• [4] Bahia-Oliveira L.M.G., Jones J.L., Aze- vedo-Silva J., Alves C.C.F., Oréfice F., Addis D.G. Highly endemic, waterborne toxoplasmosis in north Rio de Janeiro State. Brazil Emerging Infect. Dis., 9,55- 62, 2003.
• [5] Bednarska M., Bajer A., Sinski E. Calves as potential reservoir of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia sp. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med., 5,135-138,1998.
• [6] Benenson M.W., Takafuji E.T., Lemon S.M., Greenup R.L., Sulzer A. J. Oocyst- -transmitted toxoplasmosis associated with ingestion of contaminated water. N. Engl. J. Med., 307, 666-669,1982.
• [7] Bowie W.R., King A.S., Werker D.H., Isa- ac-Renton J.L., Bell A., Eng S.B., Marion S.A. Outbreak of toxoplasmosis associated with municipal drinking water. Lancet, 350,173-177,1997.
• [8] Bowman D. D. What’s in a name? Trends in Parasitology, 21, 267-269, 2005.
• [9] Burnett A. J., Shortt S.G., Isaac-Renton J.L., King A., Werker D.H., Bowie W.R. Multiple cases of acquired toxoplasmosis retinitis presenting in an outbreak. Oph- talmology, 105,1032-1037,1998.
• [10] Carpenter C., Fayer R., Trout J., Beach M. Chlorine disinfection of recreational water for Cryptosporidium parvum. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 5, 579-584,1999.
• [11] CDC. Prevalence of parasites in fecal material from chlorinated swimming pools - United States. MMWR, 50, 410-412, 2001.
• [12] Clancy J.L., BukhariZ., HargyT.M., Bolton J.R., Dussert B.W., Marshall M.M. Using UV to inactivate Cryptosporidium. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 92, 97-104, 2000.
• [13] Cobezôn O., Resendes A.R., Domingo M., Raga J.A., Agusti C., Alegre F., Mons J.L., Dubey J.P., Almerla S. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild dolphins from the Spain Mediterranean Coast. J. Parasitol., 90, 643-644, 2004.
• [14] Cotte L., Rabodonirina M., Chapuis F., Bailly F., Bissuel F., Raynal C., Gelas P., Persat F., Piens M-A., Trepo C. Waterborne outbreak of intestinal microspori- diosis in person with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Infect. Dis., 180, 2003-2008,1999.
• [15] Demar M., Ajzenberg D., Maubon D., Djossou F., Panchoe D., Punwasi W., Valery N., Peneau Ch., Daigre J.-L., Cottrel- le B., Terzan L., Dardé M.-L., Carme B. Fatal outbreak of human toxoplasmosis along the Maroni River: epidemiological, clinical, and parasitological aspects. Clin. Infect. Dis., 45, 88-95, 2007.
• [16] Demar M., Ajzenberg D., Serrurier B., Dardé M.-L., Carme B. Atypical Toxoplasma gondii strain obtained from a free- -living jaguar (Panthera onca) in French Guiana. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 78,195- 197, 2008.
• [17] de Moura L., Bahia-Oliveira L.M.G., Wada M.Y., Jones J.L., Tuboi S.H., Car- mo E.H., Ramalho W.M. Camargo N.J., Trevisan R., Graça R.M.T., da Silva A. J., Moura I., Dubey J.P., Garrett D.O. Waterborne toxoplasmosis, Brazil, from field to gene. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 12, 326-329, 2006.
• [18] Deneen V.C., Belle-Isle P.A., Taylor C.M., Gabriel M.E., Bender J.B., Wicklund J.H., Hedberg C. ., Osterholm M.T. Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a water sprinkler fountain - Minnesota, 1997. MMWR, 47, 856-860,1998.
• [19] Didier E.S. Microsporidiosis: an emerging and opportunistic infection in humans and animals. Acta Tropica, 94, 61- 76, 2005.
• [20I Didier E.S., Stovall M.E., Green L.C., Brindley P.J., Sestak K., Didier P.J. Epidemiology of microsporidiosis: sources and modes of transmission. Vet. Parasi- tol., 126,145-166, 2005.
• [21] Domingo M., Visa J., Pumarola M., Marco A. J., Ferrer L., Rabanal R., Kennedy S. Pathologic and immuncytochemical studies of morbillivirus infection in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba). Vet. Pathol., 29,1-10,1992.
• [22] Dowd S.E., Gerba C.P., Pepper I.L. Confirmation of the human-pathogenic mi- crosporidia Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encepahalitozoon intestinalis, and Vit- taforma corneae in water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64, 3332-3335,1998.
• [23] Dubey J.P. Oocyst shedding by cats fed isolated bradyzoites and comparison of infectivity of bradyzoites of VEG strain Toxoplasma gondii to cats and mice. J. Parasitol., 87, 215-219, 2001.
• [24] Dubey J.P. Toxoplasmosis - a waterborne zoonosis. Vet Parsitol., 126, 57-72, 2004.
• [25] Dubey J.P., Beattie C.P. Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Man. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1988.
• [26] Dubey J.P., Zarnke R., Thomas N.J., Wong S.K., Van Bonn W., Davis J.W., Ewing R., Mense M., Kwok O.C.H., Beckmen K.B., Romand S., Thulliez P. Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis neurona, and Sarcocystis canis-like infections in marine mammals. Vet. Parasitol., 116, 275-296, 2003.
• [27] Fayer R. Effect of high temperature on infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60, 2732-2735,1994.
• [28] Fayer R., Dubey J.P., Lindsay D.S. Zoonotic protozoa: from land to sea. Trends in Parasitology, 20, 531-538, 2004.
• [29] Fayer R., Nerad T. Effects of low temperatures on viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62,161-163,1996.
• [30I Fournier S., Liguory O., Santillana-Hay- at M., Guillot E., Sarfati C., Dumoutier N., Molina J., Derouin F. Detection of mi- crosporidia in surface water: a one-year follow-up study. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 29, 95-100, 2000.
• [31] Franti C.E., Riemann H.P., Behymer D.E., Suther D., Howarth J.A., Ruppan- ner R. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild and domestic animals in northern California. J. Am. Vet. Assoc., 169, 901-906,1976.
• [32] Gilbride K.A., Lee D.-Y., Beaudette L.A. Molecular techniques in wastewater: Understanding microbial communities, detecting pathogens, and real-time process control. J. Microbiol. Methods, 66, 1-20, 2006.
• [33] Graczyk T. K.., Majewska, A. C., Schwab K. J. The role of aquatic birds in dissemination of human waterborne entero- pathogens. Trends in Parasitology, 24, 55-59, 2008.
• [34] Graczyk T.K., Sunderland D., Rule A.M., da Silva A. J., Moura I.N.S., Tamang L., Girouard A.S., Schwab K.J., Breysse P.N. Urban feral pigeons (Columbia livid) as a source for air- and waterborne contamination with Enterocytozoon bieneusi spores. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 73, 4357-4358, 2007.
• [35] Jędrzejewski Sz., Graczyk T. K., Słodko- wicz-Kowalska A., Tamang L., Majewska A. C. Quantitative assessment of the contamination of fresh food produce of various retail types by human-virulent microsporidian spores. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 75,4071-4073, 2007.
• [36] Jones J.L., Kruszon-Moran D., Wilson M., McQuillan G., Navin T., McAuley J.B. Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States: seroprevalence and risk factors. Am. J. Epidemiol., 154, 357-365, 2001.
• [37] Kang Ch. D., Lee S.W., ParkT.H., Sim S.J. Perfomance enhancement of real-time detection of protozoan parasite, Cryptosporidium oocysts by a modified surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor. Enzyme Microbiol. Technol., 39, 387-390, 2006.
• [38] Kanjo Y., Kimata I., Iseki M., Miyanga S., Okada H., Banno C., Matsumoto M., Shimada Y. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium spp. Oocysts with ozone and ultraviolet irradiation evaluated by in vitro excystation and animal infectivity. Water Sei. Technol., 41,119-125, 2000.
• [39I Karanis P. A review of an emerging waterborne medical important parasitic protozoan. Jpn. J. Protozool., 39, 5-19, 2006.
• [40] Kikuchi Y., Chomel B.B., Kasten R.W., Martenson J.S., Swift P.K., O’Brien S.J. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Americn free-ranging or captive pumas (Felis concolor) and bobcats (Lynx ru- fus). Vet. Parasitol., 120,1-9, 2004.
• [41] Kniei K.E., Lindsay D.S., Sumner S.S., Hackney C.R., Pierson M.D., Dubey J. P. Examination of attachment and survival of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts on raspberries and blueberries. J. Parasitol., 88, 790-793, 2002.
• [42] Koudela B., Kucerova S., Hudcovic T. Effect of low and high temperature on infectivity of Encephalitozoon cuniculi spores suspended in water. Folia Parasitol. (Praha), 46,171-174,1999.
• [43] Lambourn D.M., Jeffries S. J., Dubey J.P. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in Southern Puget Sound, Washington. J. Parasitol., 87,1196-1197, 2001.
• [44] Li X., Palmer R., Trout J. M., Fayer R. Infectivity of microsporidia spores stored in water at environmental temperatures. J. Parasitol., 89,185-188, 2003.
• [45] Lindsay D.S., Collins M.V., Mitchell S.M., Cole R., Flick G. J., Wetch C.N., Lindquist A., Dubey J.P. Sporulation and survival of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in sea water. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 50 suppl., 687-688, 2003.
• [46] MacKenzie W.R., Hoxie N.J., Proctor M.E., Gradus M.S., Blair K.A., Peterson D.E., Kazmierczak J. J., Addiss D.G., Fox K.R., Rose J.B., Davis J.P. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N. Engl. J. Med., 331, 161- 167,1994-
• [47] Measures L.N., Dubey J.P., Labelle P., Martineau D. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Canadian pinnipedes. J. Wildlife Dis., 40, 294-300, 2004.
• [48] Majewska A.C., Graczyk T.K., Słodko- wicz-Kowalska A., Tamang L., Jędrzejewski Sz., Zduniak P., Solarczyk P., Nowosad A., Nowosad P. The role of free- -ranging, captive, and domestic birds of Western Poland in environmental contamination with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Giardia lamblia cysts. Parasitol. Res., 104, 5, 1093-1099, 2009a.
• [49] Majewska A.C., Kasprzak W., Werner A. Prevalence of Giardia in livestock and the possibility of zoonotic transmission. Acta Parasitologica, 43,1-3,1998.
• [50] Majewska A.C., Kasprzak W., Werner A., Kozakiewicz B. Investigations on cryptosporidiosis in humans and livestock in the same localities. Acta Parasitologica, 44, 211-214,1999a.
• [51] Majewska A.C., Solarczyk P., Tamang L., Graczyk T.K. Equine Cryptosporidium parvum infections in western Poland. Parasitol. Res., 93, 274-278, 2004.
• [52] Majewska A.C., Werner A., Moskwa B., Cabaj W., Nowosad P. Występowanie Toxoplasma gondii u dzików, sarn, jeleni i żubrów w Polsce. Mat. Konf. Parazytozy zwierząt wolno żyjących - świadomość narastającego problemu. Warszawa 21- 23. 09. 2009; 15-16, 2009b.
• [53] Majewska A.C., Werner A., Sulima P., Luty T. Survey on equine cryptosporidiosis in Poland and the possibility of zoonotic transmission. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med., 6,161-165,1999b.
• [54] Majewska A.C., Werner A., Sulima P., Luty T. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium in sheep and goats bred on five farms in west-central region of Poland. Vet. Parasitol., 89, 269-275, 2000.
• [55] Miller M.A., Gardner I.A., Packham A., Mazet J.K., Hanni K.D., Jessup D., Estes J., Jameson R., Dodd E., Barr B.C., Lowenstine L.J., Gulland F.M., Conrad P.A. Evaluation of an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for demonstration of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in sea otter (Enhydra lutris). J. Parasitol., 88, 594-599, 2002a.
• [56] Miller M.A., Gardner I.A., Kreuder C., Paradies D.M., Worcester K.R., Jessup D. , Dodd E., Harris M.D., Ames J.A., Packham A., Conrad P.A. Coastal freshwater runoff is a risk factor for Toxoplasma gondii infection of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). Int. J. Parasitol., 32, 997-1006, 2002b.
• [57] Monis P.T., Thompson R.C.A. Cryptosporidium and Giardia-zoonoses: fact or fiction? Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 3, 233-244, 2003.
• [58] Monis P.T., Andrews R.H., Mayrhofer G., Ey P.L. Genetic diversity within the morphological species Giardia intestinalis and its relationship to host origin. Infect. Genet. Evol., 3, 29-38, 2003.
• [59] Monis P.T., Giglio S., Keegan A.R., Thompson R.C.A. Emerging technologies for the detection and genetic characterization of protozoan parasites. Trends in Parasitol., 21, 340-346, 2005.
• [60] Oertley K.D., Wallas K.W. Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii among bobcats of West Virginia and Georgia. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 177, 852-853, 1980.
• [61] Ong C., Moorehead W., Ross A., Isaac-Renton J. Studies of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in Two Adjacent Watersheds. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62, 2798-2805,1996.
• [62] Palanisamy M., Madhavan B., Balasun- daram M.B., Andavar R., Venkatapathy N. Outbreak of ocular toxoplasmosis in Coimbature, India. Indian J. Ophthalmol., 54,129-131, 2006.
• [63] Paul-Murphy J., Work T., Hunter D., McFie E., Fjelline D. Serologic survey and serum biochemical reference ranges of the free-ranging mountain lion (Felis concolor) in California. J. Wildlife Dis., 30, 205-215,1994.
• [64] Quintero-Betancourt W., Peele E.R., Rose J.B Cryptosporidum parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis » a review of laboratory methods for detection of these waterborne parasites. J. Microbiol. Meth., 49, 2009-224, 2002.
• [65] Riemann H.P., Thompson R.A., Behymer D. E., Ruppanner R., Franti C.E. Toxoplasmosis and Q fever antibodies among wild carnivores in California. J. Wildlife Manag., 42,198-202,1978.
• [66] Silva J.C.R., Ogassawara S., Adania C.H., Ferreira F., Gennari S.M., Dubey J.P., Ferreira-Neto J.S. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in captive neotropical felids from Brazil. Vet. Parasitol., 102, 217-224, 2001.
• [67] Sroka J., Wojcik-Fatla A., Dutkiewicz J. Occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii in water from wells located on farms. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med., 13,169-175, 2006.
• [68] Tenter A.M., Heckeroth A.R., Weiss L.M. Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. Int. J. Parasitol., 30, 1217-1258, 2000.
• [69] Slodkowicz-Kowalska A., Graczyk T.K., Tamang L., Jedrzejewski Sz., Nowosad A., Zduniak P., Solarczyk P., Girouard A.S., Majewska A.C. Human-infectious microsporidia in aquatic birds; implications for waterborne transmission. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 4540-4544, 2006.
• [70] Sparfel J.M., Sarfati C., Liguory O., Ca- roff B., Dumoutier N., Gueglio B., Billaud E. , Raffi F., Molina J.M., Miegeville M., Derouin F. Detection of microsporidia and identification of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in surface water by filtration followed by specific PCR. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 44, 78S, 1997.
• [71] Thomarat F., Vivares M. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome sequence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi supports the fungal origin of Microsporidia and reveals a high frequency of fast-evolving genes. J. Mol. Evol., 59, 780-791, 2004.
• [72] Xiao L., Herd R.P. Review of equine Cryptosporidium infection. Equine Vet. J., 26, 9-13,1994.
• [73] Yera H., Tzen M. Dupouy-Camet J. Molecular biology for detection and characterization of protozoan infections in humans. Europ. J. Protistol., 39, 435-443, 2003.
• [74] Zarlenga D.S., Trout J.M. Concentrating, purifying and detecting waterborne parasites. Vet. Parasitol., 126, 195-217, 2004.