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Tytuł artykułu
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Warianty tytułu
Konferencja
XVIth Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science Conference on Advanced Materials and Technologies AMT'2001, Gdańsk-Jurata, 16-20 September, 2001
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
The thermal efficiency of steam power plant can be significantly increased by raising the temperature and the pressure of the steam entering the turbine. The development of the modified 9% chromium steels P91, P92 and E911 has provided the constructional materials for components capable of operation at temperatures up to and perhaps beyond 600 degrees centigrade. The emphasis in the development has been placed on improving the long-term creep rupture strength; this has been achieved by alloying the basic 9% Cr 1% Mo steel with V, Nb, and N to provide fine, stable precipitates. The strengthening mechanisms are transformation hardening which provides a high initial dislocation density; precipitation hardening by carbides at the martensite lath boundaries which eventually form the sub-grains; fine carbide, nitride and carbonitride precipitates within the sub-grains. Solid solution strengthening has also been enhanced by additions of W. Steam oxidation tests have shown that Cr contents above 11% are neccessary for the formation of protective oxide scales in steam-containing environments at 600-650 degrees centigrade; in air 9% Cr is sufficient. The temperature limits imposed by steam oxidation of the steels depend on the component wall thickness and on the maximum acceptable oxidation rate in terms of spalled oxide and reduction of load-bearing cross-section. The potential for further development of the high Cr martensitic steels towards a steel which combines in a single composition the strength of the 9% Cr steels with the steam oxidation resistance of the 12% Cr steels is discussed.
Wydawca
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
311--318
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 21 poz. tab., rys.
Twórcy
autor
- Research Centre Jülich, IWV2, 52425 Jülich, Germany
autor
- University of Mining and Metallurgy, Kraków, Poland
- Research Centre Juelich, IWV2, 52425 Juelich, Germany
Bibliografia
- [1] Sikka V. K, Ward CT and Thomas KC, Proc Conf 'Ferritic Steels for High Temperature Applications,' Warren, PA, USA, 6-18 October 1981 ; ASM 1983, pp 65-84
- [2] Haarman K, Vaillant J C, Bendick W, Arbab A, The T91/P9I Book, Vallourec & Mannesmann Tubes, 1999
- [3] Wachter O, Ennis P J, lnvestigation of the Properties of the 9% Chromium Steel 9Cr-0.5Mo-l.8W-V-Nb with Respect to its Application as a Pipework and Boiler Steel Operating at Elevated Temperatures, Part l: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Basis Steel, VGB-Kraftwerkstechnik, 9/97 English lssue, 699- 713, 1997
- [4] Staubli M, Bendick W, Orr J, Deshayes F, Henry C, in Materials for Advanced Power Engineering, Proceedings of the 6th Liége Conference 5-7 October 1998, Liège, Belgium; ed J Lecomte-Beckers, F Schubert, P J Ennis, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Energy Technology Series, Volume 5, Part I, pp 87-104, ISSN 1433-5522, ISBN 3-89336-228-2
- [5] Ennis P J, Zielinska-Lipiec A, Wachter O and Czyrska-Filemonowicz A, Microstructural Stability and Creep Rupture Strength of the Martensitic Steel P92 for Advanced Power Plant, Acta Materialia, Vol 45, No 12, Nov 1997, 4901-4907
- [6] Vanstone RW, Progress in Understanding Microstructure Property Relationships in Advanced 9-12% Chromium Steels, in Materials for Advanced Power Engineering, Proceedings of the 6th Liège Conference 5-7 October 1998, Liège, Belgium; ed J Lecomte-Beckers, F Schubert, P J Ennis, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Energy Technology Series, Volume 5, Part I, 139-154, ISSN 1433-5522, ISBN 3-89336-228-2
- [7] Hald J, Straub S, Foldyna V, Microstructural Stability of 9- 12%CrMo(W)VNbN Steels, ibid, 171-189
- [8] P.J.Ennis, A.Zielinska-Lipiec, A.Czyrska-Filemonowicz. Materials Science and Technology, October 2000, Vol 16, pp 1226-1232
- [9] Ennis P J, Zielińska-Lipiec A, Czyrska-Filemonowicz A, Proc. 5 Int. Charles Parsons Turbine Conf. on Advanced Materials for 21st Century Turbines and Power Plants, 3-7.07.2000, Cambridge, UK, Strang A et al (eds), IOM Communications Ltd, the Institute of Materials, 2000, pp 498-507
- [10] Eggeler G, Nilsvang N, Ilschner B, Steel Research 2 (1987), pp. 97-103
- [11] Schaffernak B, Hofer P and Cerjak H, in Materials for Advanced Power Engineering 1998, ed J.Lecomte-Beckers, F.Schubert, P.J.Ennis, ISBN 389336 228-2, Forschungszentrum Julich, 1998, Part I, pp 521-530
- [12] Hättestrand M. Andreo HO, Evaluation of particie size distribution of precipitated in a 9% Cr steel using EFTEM, Micron (in press)
- [13] Foldyna V, Kubon Z. Jakobova A and Vodárek V, in Proceedings of Ninth International Symposium on Creep Resistant Metallic Materials, Hradec nad Moravici, Czech Republic, 23-26 September 1996, pp 203-216
- [14] Nowakowski P, Straube H, Spiradek K and Zeiler G, in Materials for Advanced Power Engineering 1998, ed J.Lecomte-Beckers. F.Schubert, P.J.Ennis, ISBN 389336 228-2, Forschungszentrum Julich. I 998, Part I, pp.569-576
- [15] Strang A, Vodarek V, ibid, pp.603-614
- [16] Quadakkers WJ, Ennis P J, The oxidation behaviour of ferritic and austenitic steels in simulated power plant service environments, in Ref 4 Part I, 123-138
- [17] Allen D, Oakey J, Scarlin B, The New COST Action 522 - Power Generation in the 21 st Century: Ultra Efficient, Low Emissioon Plant, in Ref 4, Part III, 1825-I 839
- [18] Tsuda Y, Yamada M. Ishii R, Watanabe O, Miyazaki M. Newly Developed 12% Chromium Heat Resistant Steels for Steam Turbines, in Ref 4, Part I, 341-350
- [19] Göcmen A, Uggowitzer P J ,Solenthaler C, Speidel M, Ernst P, Alloy Design for Creep Resistant Martensitic 9-12% Chromium Steels, in Microstructural Stability of Creep Resistant Alloys for High Temperature Applications, ed A Strang, J Cawley G W Greenwood, Institute of Materials, ISBN 1 86125 045 2, 1998, 311-322
- [20] Pugh J, A New Titanium Nitride Dispersion Strengthened Ferritic Steel for High Temperature Applications, in Ref 4, Part I, 471-480
- [21] Nutting J, The Long Term Structural Stability of Power Generation Steels - Some Basic Considerations, in Advanced Heat Resistant Steel for Power Generation, ed R Viswanathan, J Nutting, Institute of Materials ISBN 1 86125 079 7, 1999, 12-30
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BOS5-0002-0009