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Purpose: of this paper was to describe functionally the gradient polymeric materials and technology of the gradient production. The experimental part describes preparation of circular disc samples of polymeric gradient material by gravity casting method. Finally electrical surface resistance and surface resistivity was measured and analysed. Design/methodology/approach: Eight specimens were prepared using gravity casting method. Composites with epoxy resin as a matrix and with respectively 3, 6, 9 and 12%vol of two types of hard coal as a filler were cast. Surface resistivity was applied as a measure of electrical properties. The idea of the test was to define electrical resistivity in sequential layers with different content and type of conductive component (hard coal). First, specimen’s thickness was measured and electrical resistivity was tested. Next, outer layer was removed by grinding and electrical measurements performed. The procedure was repeated for all subsequent layers. In effect, dependence of surface resistivity on depth of the layer was determined. Findings: The experimental results demonstrated that addition of conductive filler (hard coal) to epoxy resin caused a change of surface resistivity of these materials. Hard coal together with epoxy resin formed gradient composite material with different filler content in subsequent layers. Research limitations/implications: Further investigations with higher hard coal content and/or with different matrix are needed. Originality/value: This paper is original because in the research programme electrical properties of new type of polymeric gradient composites were tested and presented in it.
Wydawca
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
56--63
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 34 poz., rys., tabl.
Twórcy
autor
autor
autor
autor
- Division of Metal and Polymer Materials Processing, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland, monika.szczepanik@polsl.pl
Bibliografia
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- [2] M. Shen, M. B. Bever, Gradients in polymeric materials, Journal of Material Science 7 (1972) 741-746.
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- [6] K. Ichikawa, Functionally Graded Materials in the 21st century: a workshop on trends and forecast, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 2001.
- [7] A. Mortensen, S. Suresh, Functionally graded metals and metal-ceramic composites, Part I: Processing, International Materials Review 40/6 (1995) 239-265.
- [8] L. A. Dobrzański, A. Kloc-Ptaszna, A. Dybowska, G. Matula, E. Gordo, J. M. Torralba, Effect of WC concentration on structure and properties of the gradient tool materials, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 20 (2007) 91-94.
- [9] L. A. Dobrzański, A. Kloc-Ptaszna, G. Matula, J. M Contrereas, J. M. Torralba, The impact of production methods on the properties of gradient tool materials, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 24/2 (2007) 19-26.
- [10] L. Jaworska, M. Rozmus, B. Królicka, A. Twardowska, Functionally graded cermets, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 17 (2006) 73-76.
- [11] Y. Miyamoto, W. A. Kaysser, B. H. Rabin, A. Kawasaki, R. B. Ford, Functionally graded materials design, processing and applications, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1999.
- [12] B. Wen, G. Wu, J. Yu, A flat polymeric gradient material: preparation, structure and property, Polymer 45 (2004) 3359-3365.
- [13] J. Stabik, A. Dybowska, Methods of preparing polymeric gradient composites, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 25/1 (2007) 67-70.
- [14] P. Tsotra, K. Friedrich, Electrical and mechanical properties of functionally graded epoxy-resin/carbon fibre composites, Composites Part A 34 (2003) 75-82.
- [15] P. Tsotra, K. Friedrich, Composite materials with graded electrical conductivity, Proceedings of 2nd National Conferences HELLAS-COMP, Patras, 2001, 304-313.
- [16] J. Stabik, A. Dybowska, Electrical and tribological properties of gradient epoxy-graphite composites, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 27/1 (2008) 39-42.
- [17] R. J. Butcher, C. E. Rousseau, H. V. Tippur, A functionally graded particulate composite: preparation, measurements and failure analysis, Acta Materialia 47/1 (1999) 259-268.
- [18] J. Stabik, A. Dybowska, Electrical and tribological properties of polymer gradient composites, Monograph: Engineering Polymers and Composites, Gliwice, 2008, 153-162 (in Polish).
- [19] D. M. Bieliński, M. Kajzer, L. Ślusarski, Ł. Kaczmarek, Gradient structure of polymer materials, Polimery 4 (2005) 298-304 (in Polish).
- [20] Y-B. Zhu, N-Y. Ning, S. Yang; Q. Zhang, Q. Fu, A new technique for preparing a filled type of polymeric gradient material, Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 11/291 (2006) 1388-1396.
- [21] A. Saburo, K. Yoshihisa, Gradient Structures Formed in Polymer Materials, High Polymers Japan 1/49 (2000) 32-37.
- [22] M. Szczepanik, J. Stabik, M. Łazarczyk, A. Dybowska, Influence of graphite on electrical properties of polymeric composites, Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 37/1 (2009) 37-44.
- [23] J. Stabik, A. Dybowska, M. Szczepanik, Ł. Suchoń, Viscosity measurements of epoxy resin filled with ferrite powders, Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 38/1 (2009) 34-40.
- [24] M. Keizo, W. Kiyosi, J. Eiichiro, A. Hiromi, S. Masao, I. Kinzo, Electrical conductivity of carbon-polymer composites as a function of carbon content, Journal of Materials Science 6 (2004) 1610-1616.
- [25] S. Wu, L. Moa, Z. Shuia, Z. Chena, Investigation of the conductivity of asphalt concrete containing conductive fillers, Carbon 43/7 (2005) 1358-1363.
- [26] P. B. Jana, A. K. Mallick, S. K. De, Electrically conductive rubber and plastic composites with carbon particles or conductive fibres, Short fibre-polymer composites, Woodhead, Cambridge, 1996, 168-191.
- [27] M. Weber, M. Kamal, Estimation of the volume resistivity of electrically conductive composites, Polymer Composites 6 (1997) 711-725.
- [28] G.-S. Gaia, Y.-F. Yanga, S.-M. Fana, Z.-F. Caia, Preparation and properties of composite mineral powders, Powder Technology 153/3 (2005) 153-158.
- [29] R. N. Rothon (ed.), Particulate–Filled Polymers, Rapra Technology Ltd, Shawbury – Shrewsbury – Shropshire, 2003.
- [30] A. K. Kulshreshtha, C. Vasile Ed., Handbook of Polymer Blends and Composites, Vol. 1-4, Rapra Technology Ltd, Shawbury – Shrewsbury – Shropshire, 2002.
- [31] M. Szczepanik, J. Stabik, Review of polymer composites with carbon filler, Monograph: Engineering Polymers and Composites, Gliwice, 2008, 163-172 (in Polish).
- [32] P. Wasilewski, Structure and properties of coal, Silesian University Publisher, Gliwice, 1973 (in Polish).
- [33] D. W. van Krevelen, Coal-topology, physics, chemistry, constitution, Third Edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam-London, 1993, 778-793.
- [34] Resin and hardener characteristic chart from „Organika – Sarzyna” Chemical Plant S.A. (in Polish).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BOS2-0022-0015