Vegetation of a post-mining open pit (Zn/Pb ores): three-year study of colonization

• Autorzy: Szarek-Łukaszewska G. , Grodzińska K.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The post-mining (Zn, Pb) open pit under study (local name "Krążek") is situated in the Silesian Upland (50 [degrees] 17'N, 19 [degrees] 27'E) in an area abounding in zinc-lead ores. The open pit, 7.5 ha in area and 30 m deep, was designated for reclamation. Reclamation work started in 1999 and consisted in filling the excavation with foreign (nonlocal) material, and planting pine and oak. It was completed in 2002. Studies of the vegetation colonizing the open pit were carried out in 20 permanent plots (25 m[^2]) representing two types of imported soil substrate (sandy, clayey) in the years 2003-2005. They were based on 60 phytosociological releves made according to Braun-Blanquet's methods. In the studied open pit, 178 vascular plant species, spontaneously colonizing the newly created substrate, were found. Only 43 species were present in every year of the study. Most frequent were sporadic species (130), occurring in less than 20% of the releves. The plants of the reclaimed area represented different ecological groups. Species associated with human-transformed sites (e.g. Solidago canadensis, Tussilago farfara) were the most numerous, but their number decreased with time during the study. Species connected with seminatural (meadow) sites (e.g. Achillea millefolium, Daucus carota) and natural (xerothermic and sandy grassland) sites (e.g. Hypericum perforatum, Poa compressa, Corynephorus canescens) were less frequent, but their number increased with time during the study. Six groups of species connected with the soil substrate type (sand - Rumex acetosella, Cardaminopsis arenosa; clay - Ranunculus repens, Medicago lupulina) and the colonization period (2003 - Atriplex patula, Polygonum lapathifolium, Polygonum hydropiper; 2004-2005 - Calamagrostis epigejos, Leontodon hispidus) were distinguished. Species composition changed over the study period. In the clayey plots these changes were more apparent than in the sandy ones. The numbers of species were lower, the diversity indexes slightly lower and the even.ness indexes slightly higher in 2003 than in later years (2004-2005). The initial stages of colonization of the open pit were characterized by the presence of mostly nonlocal ruderal species (Melandrium album, Matricaria martima, Atriplex patula) which originated from the bank of diaspores in the soil brought to the open pit and from seeds introduced during the reclamation work. Local plants contributed little to the colonization process. Ecological restoration methods in areas degraded by mining activity are discussed; the use of local soil material containing the local bank of diasporas and soil microorganism associations is recommended.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

post-mining open pit; reclamation; spontaneous plant colonization

PL

rekultywacja; samorzutna kolonizacja roślin; tereny pogórnicze kopalni odkrywkowej

• Wydawca: Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences
• Czasopismo: Polish Journal of Ecology
• Rocznik: 2007
• Tom: Vol. 55, nr 2
• Strony: 261--282
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 38 poz.,Rys., tab.,

Twórcy

autor

Szarek-Łukaszewska G.

autor

Grodzińska K.

• W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46 str., 31-512 Cracow, Poland

Bibliografia

• Białobok S., Boratyński A., Bugała W. (Eds) 1993 – Biologia sosny zwyczajnej [Biology of Scots Pine] – Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Dendrologii, SORUS, Poznań-Kórnik, 624 pp. (in Polish with English summary)
• Bradshaw A.D. 2002 – Introduction and philosophy (In: Handbook of ecological restoration, Eds: M.R. Perrow, A.J. Davy) – Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 3–9.
• Carter M.R. 1993 – Soil sampling and methods of analysis – Canadian Society of Soil Science, Lewis Publisher, Ann Arbor, 579 pp.
• Cole D.N. 2002 – Restoration of subalpine camp sites in the Eagle Cap Wilderness, Oregon (In: Handbook of ecological restoration, Eds: M.R. Perrow, A.J. Davy) – Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 384–386.
• Cooke J.A., Johnson M.S. 2002 – Ecological restoration of land with particular reference to the mining of metals and industrial minerals: A review of theory and practice – Environ. Rev., 10: 41–71.
• Good J.E.G., Wallace H.L., Stevens P.A., Radford G.L. 1999 – Translocation of herb-rich grassland from a site in Wales prior to open pit coal extraction – Restor. Ecol., 7: 336–347.
• Grime J.P. 1979 – Plant strategies and vegetation processes – John Wiley, Chichester, 222 pp.
• Grodzińska K., Szarek-Łukaszewska G. 2002 – Hałdy cynkowo-ołowiowe w okolicach Olkusza – przeszłość, teraźniejszość i przyszłość [Zinc-lead mine spoils near Olkusz – past, present and future] – Kosmos, 51: 127–138. (in Polish)
• Hall K.D., Cairns J.Jr. 1994 – Vegetational community development on reclaimed coal surface mines in Virginia – Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 121: 327–337.
• Hölzel N., Otte A. 2003 – Restoration of a species-rich flood meadow by topsoil removal and diaspore transfer with plant material - Appl. Veg. Sci., 6: 131–149.
• Kabata-Pendias A. , Pendias H. 2001 - Trace Element in Soils and Plants – CRC Press, Boca Raton, 413 pp.
• Kirmer A., Mahn E.G. 2001 – Spontaneous and initiated succession on unvegetated slopes in the abandoned lignite-mining area of Goitsche, Germany – Appl. Veg. Sci., 4: 19–27.
• Krzaklewski W., Pietrzykowski M. 2002 - Selected physicochemicals properties of zinc and lead are tailings and their biological stabilization – Water Air Soil Pollut., 141: 125–142.
• Lityński T., Jurkowska H., Gorlach E. 1962 – Analiza chemiczno-rolnicza. Przewodnik metodyczny do ćwiczeń chemiczno-rolniczych. Gleba i nawozy [Chemicalagricultural analysis. Methodical guide for agricultural chemistry class. Soil and fertilizers] – Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa-Kraków, 178 pp. (in Polish)
• Lubke R.A., Avis A.M., Moll J.B. 1996 - Post-mining rehabilitation of coastal sand dunes in Zululand, South Africa – Landsc. Urban Plan., 34: 335–345.
• Magurran A.E. 1988 – Ecological diversity and its measurement – Princeton University Press, Princeton, 192 pp.
• Majerus M. 1997 – Restoration of disturbances in Yellowstone and Glacier National Parks – J. Soil Water Conserv., 52: 232–236.
• Matuszkiewicz W. 2002 – Przewodnik do oznaczania zbiorowisk roślinnych Polski [Guide for identification of the plant communities of Poland] – Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa, 536 pp. (in Polish)
• Mirek Z., Piękoś-Mirkowa H., Zając A., Zając M. 2002 – Flowering plants and pteridophytes of Poland. A checklist – W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, 442 pp.
• Ninot J.M., Herrero P., Ferré A., Guardia R. 2001 – Effects of reclamation measures on plant colonization on lignite waste in the eastern Pyrenees, Spain – Appl. Veg. Sci., 4: 29–34.
• Prach K., Pyšek P. 1994 – Spontaneous establishment of woody plants in Central European derelict sites and their potential for reclamation - Restor. Ecol., 2: 190–197.
• Prach K., Pyšek P. 2001 – Using spontaneous succession for restoration of human-disturbed habitats: Experience from Central Europe - Ecol. Eng., 17: 55–62.
• Prach K., Pyšek P., Bastl M. 2001 – Spontaneous vegetation succession in disturbed habitats: A pattern across seres – Appl. Veg. Sci., 4: 83–88.
• Prasad M.N.V. (Ed.) 2004 – Heavy metal stress in plants. From biomolecules to ecosystem Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 462 pp.
• Projekt kompleksowy rekultywacji odkrywki “Krążek“ i zapadliska w rejonie szybu nr 17 poprzez zasypywanie ich odpadami poflotacyjnymi (2000) [Overall project of recultivation of the „Krążek” open pit and a cavity near Shaft 17 through filling them with post-flotation waste] – PPB „INTERECO“ Sp. z o.o., Katowice, 24 pp. (in Polish)
• Pyšek P. 1992 – Dominant species exchange during succession in reclaimed habitats: a case study from areas deforested by air pollution - For. Ecol. Manage., 54: 27–44.
• Pyšek P., Prach K., Joyce C.B., Mucina L., Rapson G.L.M.J. 2001 – The role of vegetation succession in ecosystem restoration - Appl. Veg. Sci., 4: 1–114.
• Pyšek A., Pyšek P., Jarošik V., Hajek M., Wild J. 2003 – Diversity of native and alien plant species on rubbish dumps: effects of dump age, environmental factors and toxicity - Diversity & Distributions, 9: 177–189.
• Singh A.N., Raghubanshiand A.S., Singh J.S. 2002 – Plantations as a tool for mine spoil restoration – Curr. Sci., 82: 1436–1441.
• Süss K., Storm C., Zehm A., Schwabe A. 2004 – Succession in inland sand ecosystems: which factors determine the occurrence of the tall grass species Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth and Stipa capillata L.? – Plant Biol., 6: 465–476.
• Szafer W., Zarzycki K. (Eds) 1972 – Szata roślinna Polski [Vegetation of Poland] – PWN, Warszawa, Vol. 1, 615 pp. (in Polish)
• Tordoff G.M., Baker A.J.M., Willis A.J. 2000 – Current approaches to the revegetation and reclamation of metalliferous mine wastes - Chemosphere, 41: 219–228.
• Urbańska K.M., Webb N.R., Edwards P.J. (Eds) 1997 – Restoration ecology and sustainable development – Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 396 pp.
• Wali M.K. 1999 – Ecological succession and the rehabilitation of disturbed terrestrial ecosystems Plant Soil, 213: 195–220.
• Whisenant S.G. 2002 – Terrestial systems (In: Handbook of ecological restoration, Eds: M.R. Perrow, A.J. Davy) – Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 83–105.
• Whiting S.N., Reeves R.D., Richards D., Johnson M.S., Cooke J.A., Malaisse F., Paton A., Smith J.A.C., Angle J.S., Chaney R.L., Ginocchio R., Jaffre T., Johns R., McIntyre T., Purvis O.W., Salt D.E., Schat H., Zhao F.J., Baker A.J.M. 2004 – Research priorities for conservation of metallophyte biodiversity and their potential for restoration and site remediation Restor. Ecol., 12: 106–116.
• Wiegleb G., Felinks B. 2001 – Predictability of early stages of primary succession in postmining landscapes of lower Lusatia – Appl. Veg. Sci., 4: 5–18.
• Wildi O., Orlóci L. 1990. Numerical exploration of community patterns. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, 124 pp.Table 1. Number of vascular plant species at the studied open pit in 2003–2005.