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Floristic analysis of the two woodland-meadow ecotones differing in orientation of the forest edge

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Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
Studies on the transition zones between plant communities using the statistical method by Matuszkiewicz, have been predominantly conducted in forest communities or in ecotones between wetland and meadow communities. Although boundaries between forest and meadow (as a result of human pressure on the landscape, namely forest fragmentation) are of ecological interest, no previous attempts have been made to estimate the width of such ecotones using Matuszkiewicz.s approach. We applied the method in the studies on floristic changes across two, woodland.meadow ecotones (Arrhenatheretum elatioris/Tilio cordatae-Carpinetum betuli typicum and Scirpetum sylvatici/Tilio cordatae-Carpinetum betuli corydaletosum communities), located at forest edges differing in their orientation. The aim of the research was to estimate the width and character of those ecotones and to investigate whether the possible differences in vegetation are related to the prevailing aspect (orientation) of the woodland edge. To characterise the floristic composition of the two adjacent communities, the method of Greig-Smith.s square (16 quadrats of 4 m2 each) was chosen. To determine the floristic changes across each ecotone, transects 38 m in length and formed of 2 x 2 m quadrats were set perpendicularly to the woodland-meadow boundary. Diagnostic species for the main communities were determined and their incidence along the transect was observed. Differences in species composition that were observed along the transects allowed us to distinguish three contrasting sectors. The first one represents typical meadow communities, the second sector represents a typical ecotone, and the third one contains typical woodland communities. Our results showed that the width of the ecotones differed depending on the orientation of the woodland edge. In the transect between Arrhenatheretum elatioris and Tilio cordatae-Carpinetum betuli typicum communities, situated on a SE-oriented forest edge, it was estimated at 10 m, whereas in the second transect, the transition zone between the Scirpetum sylvatici and Tilio cordatae-Carpinetum betuli corydaletosum was narrower, reaching 6 m. This was located on a NW-oriented woodland edge. Our observations confirm the results of many other studies, which show that transition zones between woodland and meadow are wider on edges that receive more light, than in north-facing ones. The differences in the size of the transition zone at the two study sites are clear despite the fact that the two types of meadow communities differed in the number of mowing cycles per season. The Arrhenatheretum elatioris community is mown twice a year, and its ecotone with the woodland is wider than in the case of the Scirpetum sylvatici community. The latter is mown only once in the vegetation season but its transition zone remains 4 m narrower than in the first situation. It seemed that the increase in vegetation management (two mowing cycles instead of one) did not contribute to the reduced width of the ecotone. When looking at the distribution of species representing different syntaxonomic groups, in both transects, no meadow plants from the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class or other species of open habitats were recorded deeper than 6 m into the woodland interior. On the other hand, forest species from the Querco-Fagetea class were found much further into the area of meadow. Thus, no strong pressure of meadow communites on woods was recorded, but the opposite situation, where forest species extended into the meadow area, took place. Such a tendency was observed regardless of the aspect of the woodland edge. Differences in physiological amplitude of species allowed us to distinguish, after Ranney et al. (1981), a group of: meadow-oriented species, which neither occurred in ecotone nor woodland, strongly edge-oriented species, and strongly forest interior-oriented species, avoiding the ecotones and meadows. A group of species present along the whole transect (ubiquitous) was very poorly represented. Contact zones between woodlands and meadows observed in the course of our studies and statistical analysis, give support to the model of a discontinuum. In both ecotones studied, the edge effect was recorded; in transect 1 it can be described as a 'double edge effect' (variable = species richness, has both maximum and minimum in the ecotone close together); negative on the meadow side and positive on the woodland side of the ecotone, and at the second study site as the 'positive edge effect'.
Rocznik
Strony
365--382
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 43 poz., rys., tab., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
  • University of Silesia, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Ecology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice
autor
  • University of Silesia, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Ecology, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice
Bibliografia
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  • 2. Brothers T. S., Spingarn A. 1992 – Forest fragmentation and alien plant invasion of Central Indiana old-growth forests – Conserv. Biol. 6: 91-100.
  • 3. Chojnacka-Ożga L., Ożga W. 1999 – Warunki termiczne w strefie przejściowej między lasem i terenem otwartym [Thermal conditions in the intermediary zone between forest and open ground] – Sylwan, 6: 11-17. (in Polish).
  • 4. Dąbrowska-Prot E. 1995 – Ecological importance of ecotones between forests and crop fields – a synthesis – Ekol. Pol. 43: 135-144.
  • 5. Dzwonko Z., Loster S. 2001 - Wskaźnikowe gatunki roślin starych lasów i ich znaczenie dla ochrony przyrody i kartografii roślinności.[Ancient woodland plant species indicators and their importance for nature conservation and vegetation mapping] – Typologia zbiorowisk i kartografia roślinności w Polsce. Prace Geograficzne 178: 119-132. (in Polish).
  • 6. Falińska K. 1974 – Reakcja populacji roślinnych na zróżnicowanie ekosystemów oraz układów ekotonowych [Reaction of plant populations to differences in ecosystems and ecotone systems] - Wiad. Ekol. 20: 356-376. (in Polish).
  • 7. Falińska K. 1979a – Modifications of plant populations in forest ecosystems and their ecotones – Pol. Ecol. Stud. 5: 89-150.
  • 8. Falińska K. 1979a – Populacje roślin w ekotonie [Plant populations in ecotones] – Wiad. Ekol. 25: 3-60. (in Polish).
  • 9. Falińska K. 1991 – Sukcesja jako efekt procesów demograficznych roślin [Succession as an effect of plant demographic processes] (In: Dynamika roślinności i populacji roślinnych [Vegetation and plant populations dynamics] Ed. J. B. Faliński) – Phytocoenosis, 3 (N. S.) Sem. Geobot. 1: 43-67. (in Polish).
  • 10. Faliński J. B. 1962 – Variabilité saisonnière des frontières des phytocénoses – Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 31: 239-263.
  • 11. Ferris R. and Carter C. 2000 – Managing rides, roadsides and edge habitats in lowland forests – Foresty Commission Bulletin 123, Edinburgh, 78 pp.
  • 12. Fraver S. 1994 – Vegetation responses along edge-to-interior gradients in the mixed hardwood forests of the Roanoke River Basin, North Carolina – Conserv. Biol. 8: 822-832.
  • 13. Giec D. 1998 – Analiza struktury przestrzennej runa w strefie ekotonu na przykładzie wybranych zbiorowisk leśnych Wyżyny Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej [Analysis of the spatial structure of the herb layer in the ecotone zone on the example of chosen forest communities of Kraków-Częstochowa Upland] - PhD thesis, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland, 75 pp. (in Polish).
  • 14. Harris L. D. 1988 – Edge effects and conservation of biotic diversity – Conserv. Biol. 2: 330-332.
  • 15. Harris L. D., Silva-Lopez G. 1992 – Forest fragmentation and the conservation of biological diversity – (In: Conservation Biology. The theory and practice of nature conservation preservation and management, Eds. P. L. Fiedler, K. J. Subodh) – Chapman & Hall, New York, London, 507 pp.
  • 16. Honnay O., Hermy M. 2000 – Permeability of ancient forest edges for weedy plant species invasion and relation with natural and anthropogenical edge gradients (In: Spatial and temporal distribution of forest plant species in a fragmented landscape) – Dissertationes de Agricultura. Doctoraatsproefschrift 418 aan de Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen van de K. U. Leuven, Belgium, pp. 82-107.
  • 17. Jeník J. 1992 – Ecotone and ecocline: two questionable concepts in ecology – Ekológia, (ČSFR) 11: 243-250.
  • 18. Kershaw K. A. 1978 – Ilościowa i dynamiczna ekologia roślin [Quantitative and dynamic plant ecology] – PWN – Polish Scientific Publishers, Warszawa, 383 pp. (in Polish).
  • 19. Kimsa T. 1974 – Badania geobotaniczne wybranych zbiorowisk leśnych na Roztoczu Środkowym metodą transektu pasowego [Geobotanical studies of chosen forest communities on Middle Roztocze with transect method] – Ann. UMCS, Sect. C, 29: 355-363.
  • 20. Kimsa T. 1991 – Floristic-statistical analysis of the herb layer in the contact zone between Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum and Abietetum polonicum in Central Roztocze (SE Poland) – Fragm. flor. geobot. 35: 165-171.
  • 21. Kwiatkowska A. J., Solińska-Górnicka B. 1993 – Changes in typological and spatial boundaries between neighbouring communities of Potentillo albae-Quercetum and Tilio-Carpinetum – Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 62: 59-66.
  • 22. Laurance W. F. 1991 – Edge effects in tropical forest fragments: application of a model for the design of nature reserves – Biol. Conserv. 57: 205-219.
  • 23. Laurance W. F., Ferreira L. V., Rankin-De Merona J. M., Laurance S. G., Hutchings R. W., Lovejoy T. E. 1998 - Effects of forest fragmentation on recruitment patterns in Amazonian tree communities - Conservation Biology, 12: 460-464.
  • 24. Lorens B. 1984 – Ecological and statistical analysis of herb layer in the contact zone of associations Peucedano-Pinetum Mat. (1962) 1973 and Querco-Piceetum (Mat.et Pol. 1955) - Ekol. Pol. 32: 271-287.
  • 25. Lorens B. 1990 – Ecological-statistical analysis of herb layer vegetation in contact zones of the chosen forest associations in the Roztocze National Park – Pol. Ecol. Stud. 16: 3-92.
  • 26. Lorens B. 2001 – Porównanie metod statystycznych w badaniach stref przejścia zbiorowisk roślinnych [The comparison of statistical methods for a survey of plant communities’ transitional zone] – Wyd. UMCS. Lublin, 246 pp. (in Polish).
  • 27. Łuczaj Ł., Sadowska B. 1997 – Edge effect in different groups of organisms: vascular plant, bryophyte and fungi species richness across a forest–grassland border – Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 32: 343-353.
  • 28. Matuszkiewicz J. M. 1972 – Analiza zmienności przestrzennej runa w strefie kontaktowej dwu fitocenoz [Analysis of the spatial variation of the field layer in the contact zone of two phytocoenoses] – Phytocoenosis, 1: 121-150. (in Polish).
  • 29. Matuszkiewicz W. 2001 – Przewodnik do oznaczania zbiorowisk roślinnych Polski [A guide for the identification of Polish plant communities] – Vademecum Geobotanicum. PWN –Polish Scientific Publishers, Warszawa, 537 pp. (in Polish).
  • 30. Mirek Z., Piękoś-Mirkowa H., Zając A., Zając M. 2002 – Flowering plants and pteridophytes of Poland. A checklist – Biodiversity of Poland, 1: 1-442.
  • 31. Murcia C. 1995 – Edge effects in fragmented forests: implications for conservation – Tree, 10: 58-62.
  • 32. Odum E. G. 1963 – Podstawy ekologii [Fundamentals of ecology] – PWRiL, Warszawa, 359 pp.
  • 33. Peterken G. F. 1974 – A method for assessing woodland flora for conservation using indicator species – Biol. Conserv. 6: 239-245.
  • 34. Polakowska M. 1966 – Analyse der Übergangszone zwischen Waldgesellschaften - Ekol. Pol.- Ser. A. 14: 1-24.
  • 35. Ranney J. W., Bruner M. C., Levenson J. B. 1981 – The importance of edge in the structure and dynamics of forest islands. (In: Forest island dynamics in man-dominated landscapes, Eds. R. L. Burgess, D. M. Sharp) - Springer-Verlag, New York, Heidelberg, Berlin. 320 pp.
  • 36. Saunders D. A., Hobbs R. J., Margules C. R. 1991 – Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review – Conserv. Biol. 5: 18-32.
  • 37. Siegel S., Castellan N. J. Jr. 2002 – Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences - Mc Graw-Hill Book Company. Second Edition, 399 pp.
  • 38. Sławski M. 2001 – Granice lasu jako strefa ochronna ekosystemu leśnego. Analiza roślinności wybranych ekotonów na Pomorzu [Forest edge as a protection zone of forest ecosystem. Analysis of plant communities of chosen ecotones in Pomerania] – Sylwan, 2: 77-87. (in Polish).
  • 39. Traczyk T. 1960 – Badania nad strefą przejścia zbiorowisk leśnych [Studies on the transition zone of forest communities] – Ekol. Pol. ser. A. 8: 85-125. (in Polish).
  • 40. van der Maarel E. 1976 – On the establishment of plant community boundaries – Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. Bd. 89: 415-443.
  • 41. Wójcik Z., Wasiłowska A. 1995 – The vegetation of the transition zones between forest islands and cultivated fields – Ekol. Pol. 43: 7–50.
  • 42. Yahner R. H. 1988 – Changes in wildlife communities near edges – Conserv. Biol. 2: 333-339.
  • 43. Young A., Mitchell N. 1994 – Microclimate and vegetation edge effects in a fragmented podocarp-broadleaf forest in New Zealand – Biol. Conserv. 67: 63-72.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BGPK-1042-4133
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