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Aim of an extensive research project is an analysis of surface properties of Moon’s regolith covering and the assessment of the possible existence of usable water on the Moon. In the present paper a short historical survey on Moon’s exploration and recent and planned missions is given. Recent recognitions are discussed on the basis of origin and history of the Moon and the import of water from other celestial bodies. Characteristic data and chemical composition of the Moon’s surface are summarised with respect to possible water or ice preservation. Experimental investigations have been made on three typical lunar regolith powder samples from the Apollo 11, 12 and 16 missions. The experiments include spectroscopic and thermal analysis, density measurements and sorptometry. In the present paper we give a survey on measuring methods applied and discuss some results. The measurements confirm results of investigations made with less sensitive equipment shortly after the missions. With regard to water occurrence we found that the regolith cover of the Moon surface is rather hydrophobic and can hardly store water as adsorbed layers.
Słowa kluczowe
Wydawca
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
23--31
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 37 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
autor
autor
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55099 Mainz, Germany, stanislaw.halas@poczta.umcs.lublin.pl
Bibliografia
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- Barret EP, Joyner LG and Halenda PH, 1951. The determination of pore volume and area distribution in porous substances. I. Computation from nitrogen isotherms. Journal of American Chemical Society 73: 373-380.
- Beer W and Mädler JH, 1835/36. Mappa Selenographica totam lunae hemisphæram visibilem complectens observata. Berlin, Schropp & Soc. (in German).
- Beer W and Mädler JH, 1837. Der Mond nach seinen kosmischen und individuellen Verhältnissen oder Allgemeine vergleichende Selenographie. Berlin: 432 pp (in German).
- Brunauer S, Emmett PH and Teller E, 1938. Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers. Journal of American Chemical Society 60: 309-319.
- Dąbrowski A, Robens E, Klobes P, Meyer K and Podkoscielny P, 2003. Standardization of methods for characterizing the surface geometry of solids. Particle & Particle Systems Characterization 20: 311-322.
- Dąbrowski A, Iwan M, Mendyk E, Robens E and Rzączyńska Z, 2008. Investigation of surface properties of lunar regolith - Part III. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorymetry 94: 633-639.
- Deiss B, 2008. Wassereis auf dem Mond. AstroLink.de. http://www.planetenkunde.de/p012/p01205/index.htm.
- Dollimore D and Heal GR, 1964. An Improved Method for the Calculation of Pore Size Distribution from Adsorption Data. Journal of Applied Chemistry 14: 109.
- Fauth P, 1913/1925. Hörbigers Glazialkosmogonie, Hermann Kayser, Kaiserslautern/Leipzig (in German).
- Fuller EL Jr., Poulis JA, Czanderna AW and Robens E, 1979. Volumetric and gravimetric methods of determining monolayer capacities. Thermochimica Acta 29: 315-318.
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- Hartmann WK and Davis DR, 1975. Satellite-sized planetesimals and lunar origin. Icarus 24: 504-515.
- Haskin LA, Wang A, Rockow KM, Jolliff BL, Korotev RL and Viskupic KM, 1997. Raman spectroscopy for mineral identification and quantification for in situ planetary surface analysis: A point count method. Journal of Geophysical Research 102 (E8): 19293-19306.
- Heiken GH, Vaniman DT and French BM (Eds.), 1991. Lunar Sourcebook. Cambridge, Cambride University Press: 736 pp.
- Hörbiger H and Fauth P, 1913. Glazialkosmogonie. Kaiserslautern, Kayser (in German).
- Iwan M, Rzączyńska Z, Mendyk E, Dąbrowski A and Robens E, 2007. In IX Krajowe Seminarium im. Prof. Stanislawa Bretsznajdera Seminary on Thermal Analysis. Instytut Chemii Politechniki Warszawskiej, Mechaniki i Petrochemii w Plocku, Płock: 164-168 (in Polish).
- Josset J-L and Foing BH, 2006. SPACE-X Space Exploration Institute and ESA SMART-1 Project. http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMGBM9ATME_index_0.html
- Keller JU, Robens E and du Fresne von Hohenesche C, 2002. Thermogravimetric and Sorption Measurement Techniques/ Instruments. In: Rodríguez-Reinoso F, McEnaney B, Rouquerol J and Unger KK (Eds.) Characterization of Porous Solids VI.(6). Amsterdam, Elsevier: 387-394.
- Koresh (Koresh = pseudonym of Teed, Cyrus Reed) 1922/2008. The Cellular Cosmogony, INDYPUBLISH.COM.
- Möhlmann D, 2003. Unfrozen subsurface water on Mars: presence and implications. Internal Journal of Astrobiology 2: 213-216.
- Nagel B, 1991/2000. Die Welteislehre - Ihre Geschichte und ihre Rolle im "Dritten Reich", GNT-Verlag, Berlin/Diepholz (in German).
- Papike JJ, Hodges FN, Bence AE, Cameroni M and Rhodes JM, 1976. Mare basalts - Crystal chemistry, mineralogy, and petrology. Review of Geophysics and Space Physics 14: 475-540.
- Riccioli GB, 1651 Almagestum novum astronomiam veterem novamque complectens observationibus aliorum et propriis novisque theorematibus, problematibus ac tabulis promotam, Bologna: 204pp.
- Robens E, Czanderna AW and Poulis JA, 1980. Surface Area and Pore Size Determination on Finely Divided or Porous Substances by Adsorption Measurements: Comparison of Volumetric and Gravimetric Methods. Powder Metallurgy International 12: 201-203.
- Robens E, Bischoff A, Schreiber A, Dąbrowski A and Unger KK, 2007. Investigation of surface properties of lunar regolith - Part I. Applied Surface Science 253: 5709-5714.
- Robens E, Bischoff A, Schreiber A and Unger KK, 2008a. Investigation of surface properties of lunar regolith - Part II. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 94: 627-631.
- Robens E, Dąbrowski A, Chibowski S, Dobrowolski R, Drewniak M, Dumańska-Słowik M, Gac W, Goworek J, Huber M, Iwan M, Kurzydłoski KJ, Mendyk E, Pasieczna-Patkowska S, Płociński T, Ryczkowski J, Rzączyńska Z, Skrzypiec K and Sobczak JW, 2008b. Investigation of surface properties of lunar regolith - Part IV. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska Lublin, Polonia, Sectio AA Chemia LXIII: 144-168.
- Ryczkowski J, 2007. Application of infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy in catalysis. Catalysis Today 124: 11-20.
- Saal AE, Hauri EH, Cascio ML, Van Orman JA, Rutherford MC and Cooper RF, 2008. Volatile content of lunar volcanic glasses and the presence of water in the Moon's interior. Nature 454: 192-195.
- Spudis P, 2006/7. Ice on the Moon. The Space Review 06/11 and 07/4.
- Stöffler D, Bischoff A, Borchardt R, Burghele A, Deutsch A, Jessberger EK, Ostertag R, Palme H, Spettel B, Reimold WU, Wacker R and Wänke H, 1985. Proceedings of the 15th Lunar Planet. Sci. Conference. Journal of Geophysical Research C449-C506.
- Watson F, 2004. Stargazer: The Life and Times of the Telescope. Sydney, Cambridge: Allen & Unwin, Da Capo Press: 342pp.
- [Wikipedia] Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 2009a. WEB site: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_moon_landing_hoax_accusations/>. Accessed 2009 August 15.
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Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BAT8-0018-0004