Chromo-stereoscopy as a tool in micropalaeontological investigations : echinoderms as a case study

• Autorzy: Boczarowski A.
• Konferencja: 5th Micropalaeontological Workshop MIKRO-2005 (8-10.06.2005, Szymbark, Poland)
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

An anaglyph technique, as a variety of chromo-stereoscopy, is presented and adapted for the investigation purpose. This method allows perfect documentation of 3-dimensional objects, including all types of 3D micro/fossils. Anaglyphs are especially recommended for describing type collections and make them available worldwide. The methods of stereogram preparation by means of a scanning electron microscope and adaptation of the technique to micropalaeontology are described. This useful technique is tested on SEM images of complex echinoid structures (organs) called pedicellariae. The obtained stereograms document their anatomy and help identification of the fossil material as well as their comparison to Recent specimens. Numerous echinoid pedicellariae from Bajocian and Bathonian deposits of the ore-bearing clays of the Częstochowa formation have been analysed. Two separate methods of anaglyph image preparation are described (for RGB and grayscale image mode). The samples come from several brickyards located in the area of the Kraków-Często- chowa Upland, Central Poland. Pedicellariae are represented by globiferous and ophicephalous types. It has been proved that Jurassic echinoids already had very well developed defence strategies, which applied pedicellariae, quite often equipped with a venom-bearing system similar to the one in Recent specimens. Large morphological similarity of the investigated Jurassic specimens to the Recent representatives of the Parechinidae family, especially to the genus Paracentrotus Mortensen has been proved. However, no representatives of this type of echinoid have been found in Jurassic sediments so far.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

chromo-stereoscopy; Echinoidea; anatomy; Middle Jurassic; Recent; Poland; Croatia

• Wydawca: Instytut Nauk Geologicznych PAN
• Czasopismo: Studia Geologica Polonica
• Rocznik: 2005
• Tom: Vol. 124
• Strony: 21--35
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 42 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Boczarowski A.

• University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Palaeontology & Biostratigraphy, ul. Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland,

Bibliografia

• 1. Blake, D. B., 1968. Pedicellariae of two Silurian echinoids from Western England. Palaeontology, 11: 576-579.
• 2. Boczarowski, A., 1997. Achistrum antiquus a new species of apodid holothurian from the Late Permian of the Holy Cross Mountains. Prace Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego 157:93-103.
• 3. Boczarowski, A., 2001. Isolated sclerites of Devonian non-pelamatozoan echinoderms. Palaeontologia Polonica, 59: 1-219.
• 4. Boczarowski, A., 2003. Class Echinoidea Leske, 1778 (in Polish). In: Malinowska, L. (ed.), Geologyof Poland - Atlas of guide and characteristic fossils, Part 1b Devonian, No. 1, No. 2. Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny, (1): 500-504, 709-748, 757-786; (2): 871-872.
• 5. Boczarowski, A., 2004a. Pedicellariae from Middle Jurassic ore-bearing Częstochowa Clay Formation and their significance in echinoid’s life strategy (in Polish). Tomy Jurajskie, II: 141-150.
• 6. Boczarowski, A., 2004b. Pedicellariae as a defensive strategies indicator of the fossil sea-urchins of Poland (in Polish). In: Muszer, J. (ed.), Zapis paleontologiczny jako wskaźnik paleośrodowisk. XIX Konferencja Naukowa Paleobiologów i Biostratygrafów PTG. Wrocław 16-18 września2004. Instytut Nauk Geologicznych Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego: 13-15.
• 7. Boomer, I., Lord, A. R. & Siveter, D. J. (eds), 1973-1998. A stereo-atlas of ostracod shells. University of Leicester, Department of Geology, Vol. 1-25.
• 8. Campbell, A. C., 1973. Observations on the activity of Echinoid Pedicellariae. I. Stem responses and their significance. Marine Behavior Physiology, 2: 33-61.
• 9. Campbell, A. C., 1974. Observations on the activity of Echinoid Pedicellariae. II. Jaw responses of Tridentate and Ophiocephalous Pedicellariae. Marine Behavior Physiology, 3: 17-34.
• 10. Campbell, A. C., 1976. Observations on the activity of Echinoid Pedicellariae. III. Jaw responses of Globiferous Pedicellariae and their significance. Marine Behavior Physiology, 4: 25-39.
• 11. Campbell, A. C., 1983. Form and function of pedicellariae. Echinoderm Studies, 1: 139-167.
• 12. Carroll, R. L., 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York: 1-698.
• 13. Cherbonnier, G., 1959. Échinides. Expedition Océanographique Belge, dans les Eaux Cotiéres Africaines de l’Atlantique Sud (1948-1949). Resultats Scientifiques, Institut Royal des SciencesNaturelles de Belgique, III, 6: 37-59.
• 14. Cherbonnier, G., 1968. Les pédicellaires globiferes de l’oursin regulier Paracentrotus lividus(Lamarck). Bulletin du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 2e serie, 39,6 (1967): 1211-1213.
• 15. Dubois, E., 2001. A Projection method to generate anaglyph stereo images. Proceedings IEEE International Conference Acoustics Speech, Signal Processing, IEEE, Salt Lake City, UT, (3):1661-1664.
• 16. Gedl, P., Kaim, A., Boczarowski, A., Dudek, T., Kędzierski, M., Leonowicz, P., Sawłowicz, Z., Smoleń, J., Szczepanik, P., Witkowska, M. & Ziaja, J., 2004. A reconstruction of sedimentary environment of Middle Jutas tic ore-bearing clay from Gnaszyn (Częstochowa region) (in Polish). Tomy Jurajskie, II: 166.
• 17. Gedl, P., Kaim, A., Boczarowski, A., Kędzierski, M., Smoleń, J., Szczepanik, P., Witkowska, M. & Ziaja, J., 2003. A reconstruction of sedimentary environment of Middle Jurassic ore-bearing clay from Gnaszyn (Częstochowa region) - preliminary results (in Polish). Tomy Jurajskie, I: 19-27.
• 18. Geis, H. L., 1936. Recent and fossil Pedicellariae. Journal of Paleontology, 10 (6): 427-448.
• 19. Hess, H., 1971. Über einige Echiniden aus Dogger und Malm des Schweizer Jutas. Eclogaegeologicae Helvetiae, 64 (3): 611-633.
• 20. Hess, H., 1972. Eine Echinodermen-Fauna aus dem mittleren Dogger des Aargauer Jura. Schweize-rische Paläontologische Abhandlungen, 92: 1-87.
• 21. Hess, H., 1973. Neue Echinodermenfunde aus dem mittleren Dogger des Aargauer Juras. Eclogaegeologicae Helvetiae, 66: 625-656.
• 22. Hess, H., 1975, Die fos t iten Echinodermen des Schweizer Jutas. Veröffentlichungen aus demNaturhistorischen Museum Basel, 8: 1-130.
• 23. http://dogfeathers.com/3d/3dhowto.html - downloaded in 2004. Creating Anaglyphs with AdobePhotoshop.
• 24. http://www.feargod.net/3dhowto.php - downloaded in 2004. Graham’s Guide to 3D Photography.
• 25. http://www.mindhelp.com/_3d/how2make.htm - downloaded in 2004. Creating & Displaying Stereo3D.
• 26. http://nexel.student.utwente.nl/randysimons.com/software/3d/ - downloaded in 2004. Create your own 3D image.
• 27. http://www.scec.org/geowall/makeanaglyph.html - downloaded in 2004. Making Anaglyph Imagesin Adobe Photoshop.
• 28. http://www.stereoscopy.com - downloaded in 2004. Stereoscopy.com.
• 29. Jensen, M., 1982. Pedicellariae in classification of echinoids. In: Lawrence, J. M. (ed.), Echinoderms:Proceedings of the International Conference, Tampa Bay, 14-17 Sept. 1981. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam: 111-115.
• 30. Jesionek-Szymańska, W., 1963. Échinides irréguliers du Dogger de Pologne. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 8 (3): 293-414.
• 31. Jesionek-Szymańska, W., 1980. Class Echinoidea Leske, 1778 (in Polish). In: Malinowska, L. (ed.), Geology of Poland - Atlas of guide and characteristic fossils, Part 2b Jurassic. Wydawnictwa Geologiczne: 249-253.
• 32. Laube, G. C., 1867. Die Echinodermen des braunen Jura von Balin. Mit Berücksichtigung ihrergeognostischen Verbreitung in Frankreich, Schwaben, England und anderen Ländern. Denk-schriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 27: 1-10, Wien.
• 33. Lawrence, J., 1987. A Functional Biology of Echinoderms. Croom Helm, London & Sydney: 1-340.
• 34. Matyja, B. A. & Wierzbowski, A., 2003. Ammonite biostratigraphy of the Częstochowa Ore Bearing Clay Formation (upper most Bajocian - Upper Bathonian) in the clay-pits at Częstochowa (in Polish). Tomy Jurajskie, 1: 3-6.
• 35. McAllister, D. F. & Hebbar, P. D., 1991. Color quantization aspects in stereopsis. SPIE Proceedings Stereoscopic Displays and Applications II, Volume 1457, SPIE, Bellingham, WA: 233-241.
• 36. Mortensen, T., 1928-1951. A monograph of the Echinoidea. I-V. C.A. Reitzel, Krbenhavn: (I): 1-551,(II): 1-647, (III.1): 1-370, (III.2): 1-533, (III.3): 1-446, (IV.1): 1-378, (IV.2): 1-471, (V.1):1-432, (V.2): 1-593.
• 37. Ostaficzuk, S., 1978. Fotogeologia - fotointerpretacja i fotogrametria geologiczna. WydawnictwaGeologiczne: 1-250, Warszawa.
• 38. Radwańska, U., 1999. Lower Kimmeridgian echinoids of Poland. Acta Geologica Polonica, 49:287-364.
• 39. Rehbinder, B. 1913. Die mitteljurassischen eisenerzführenden Tone längs des südwestlichen Randesdes Krakau-Wieluner Zuges in Polen. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesselschaft, 65:181-349.
• 40. Różycki, S. Z. 1953. Górny dogger i dolny malm jury krakowsko-częstochowskiej. Prace Instytutu Geologicznego, 17: 1-412.
• 41. Sanders, W. & McAllister, D. F., 2003. Producing anaglyphs from synthetic images. Proceedings Electronic Imaging, Santa Clara, CA, (03): 1-11, (http://research.csc.ncsu.edu/stereographics/ei03.pdf)
• 42. Smith, A. B. (ed.) 2004. The Echinoid Directory. World Wide Web electronic publication.(http://www.nhm.ac.uk/palaeology/echinoids [accessed 13 October 2004]).