Chronological study of archaeological sites and environmental change around 2600 BP in the Eurasian steppe belt (Uyuk Valley, Tuva Republic)

• Autorzy: Zaitseva G. I. , Chugunov K. V. , Bokovenko N. A. , Dergachev V. I. , Dirksen V. G. , Van Geel B. , Koulkova M. A. , Lebedeva L. M. , Sementsov A. A. , Plicht J. van der , Scott E. M. , Vasiliev S. S. , Lokhov K. I. , Bourova N.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The main attention of the article presented focuses on the connection between the development of archaeological cultures and environmental changes during the 9th -4th centuries BC (2700-2400 BP). Environmental changes around 2600 BP can be observed by the character of the radiocarbon calibration curve. The region under study is the Uyuk depression in the Tuva Republic which is the part of the Eurasian steppe belt. To reconstruct environmental changes pollen and geochemical analyses of the lake deposits from the Uyuk depression were used. The main feature that made this territory more attractive for settling, is the humidity that promoted nomadic economy. The chronology of the archaeological sites corresponds to a period with a complicated shape of the calibration curve, and a special approach (wiggle-matching dating) is required. The famous Scythian time monuments Arzhan-1 and Arzhan-2 are located in this region and the wiggle matching method was used to establish the time of their construction. The Arzhan-1 is the oldest among the Scythian time monuments of all Eurasia. The chronology of other Scythian time monuments located in the western and eastern neighbouring territories of Tuva is considered and compared.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

scythian monuments; radiocarbon chronology; pollen analysis; geochemical analysis; environmental changes; calibration curve

• Wydawca: De Gruyter
• Czasopismo: Geochronometria
• Rocznik: 2005
• Tom: Vol. 24
• Strony: 97--107
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 35 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Zaitseva G. I.

• The Institute for the History of Material Culture of Russian Academy of Sciences, 191186, Dvortsovaya 18, St.Petersburg, Russia

autor

Chugunov K. V.

• State Hermitage Museum, 191186, Dvortsovaya 34, St.Petersburg, Russia

autor

Bokovenko N. A.

• The Institute for the History of Material Culture of Russian Academy of Sciences, 191186, Dvortsovaya 18, St.Petersburg, Russia

autor

Dergachev V. I.

• A.F.Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, 19402 Politekhnicheskaya 26, St.Petersburg, Russia

autor

Dirksen V. G.

• Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 683006 Piipa bvld., 9, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia

autor

Van Geel B.

• Universiteit van Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94062 1090 GB Amsterdam, The Netherlands

autor

Koulkova M. A.

• The Institute for the History of Material Culture of Russian Academy of Sciences, 191186, Dvortsovaya 18, St.Petersburg, Russia

autor

Lebedeva L. M.

• The Institute for the History of Material Culture of Russian Academy of Sciences, 191186, Dvortsovaya 18, St.Petersburg, Russia

autor

Sementsov A. A.

• The Institute for the History of Material Culture of Russian Academy of Sciences, 191186, Dvortsovaya 18, St.Petersburg, Russia

autor

Plicht J. van der

• Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands

autor

Scott E. M.

• Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QW UK

autor

Vasiliev S. S.

• A.F.Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, 19402 Politekhnicheskaya 26, St.Petersburg, Russia

autor

Lokhov K. I.

• Center of Isotopic Research, All-Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), Basil Island, St.Petersburg, Russia Sredni prospect

autor

Bourova N.

• The Institute for the History of Material Culture of Russian Academy of Sciences, 191186, Dvortsovaya 18, St.Petersburg, Russia

Bibliografia

• 1. Alekseev A.Yu., Bokovenko N.A., Boltrik Yu., Chugunov K.A., Cook G., Dergachev V.A., Kovalyukh N., Possnert G., van der Plicht J., Scott E.M., Sementsov A., Skripkin V., Vasiliev S. and Zaitseva G., 2001: A chronology of the Scythian antiquities of Eurasia based on new archaeological and 14C data. Radiocarbon 43: 1085-1107.
• 2. Alekseev A.Yu., Bokovenko N.A., Boltrik Yu., Chugunov K.V., Cook G., Dergachev V.A., Kovaliukh N.N., Possnert G., van der Plicht J., Scott E.M., Sementsov A.A., Skripkin V.V., Vasiliev S.S. and Zaitseva G.I., 2002: Some problems in the study of the chronology of the ancient nomadic cultures in Eurasia (9th - 3rd centuries BC). Geochronometria 21: 143-151.
• 3. Bokovenko N.A., Moshkova M.G. and Mogilnikov V.A., 1992: The basic problems in the study of the stock-breeders sites of the western and Eastern Siberia. Archaeology of the USSR. The steppe zone of the Asian part of Russia during the Scythian and Srmathian time. Moscow, Nauka Press: 140-148.
• 4. Bourova N.D., 2004: Horse remains from the Arzhan-1 and Arzhan- 2 Scythian monuments. Impact of the environment on human migration in Eurasia. Kluwer Publisher, Brussels: 323-332.
• 5. Chlenova N.L., 1972: The chronology of the monuments belong to the Karasuk epoch. The materials and investigations on archaeology of the Institute of Archaeology 182. Moscow, Nauka Press: 248 (in Russian).
• 6. Chlenova N.L., 1996: The chronology of the basic monuments of the Scythian epoch. Humanitarian Sciences in Russia: the Soros Laureates. History. Archaeology. Cultural anthropology and Ethnology: 181-194 (in Russian).
• 7. Chugunov K., Nagler A. and Parzinger H., 2001a: The Golden Grave from Arzhan. Minerva 13(1): 39-42.
• 8. Chugunov K., Nagler A. and Parzinger H., 2001b: Der Ferst von Arzhan. Ausgrabungen im Skythischen Ferstengrabhegel Arzhan 2 in der Südsibirischen Republik Tuva (New about Arzhan. The excavation of the Scythian burial mound Arzhan- 2 in the Southern Siberia, Tuva Republic). Antike Welt 32(6): 607-647 (in German).
• 9. Chugunov K.V., Parzinger H. and Nagler A., 2004: Chronology and cultural affinity of the kurgan Arzhan-2 complex according to archaeological data. Impact of the environment on human migration in Eurasia. Kluwer Publisher, Brussels: 1-9.
• 10. Dergachev V.A., Raspopov O.M., van Geel B. and Zaitseva G.I., 2004: The “Sterno-Etrussia” geomagnetic excursion around 2700 BP and changes of solar activity, cosmic ray intensity and climate. Proceeding of the 18th Radiocarbon Conference, Wellington, September, 2003. Radiocarbon 46(2): 661-681.
• 11. Dergachev V.A., van Geel B., Zaitseva G.I., Alekseev A.Yu., Chugunov K.V., van der Plicht J., Possnert G. and Raspopov O., 1999: The earliest records of Scythians in Eurasia and sharp climatic changes around 2700 BP. In: Papaskevopoulos K.M., ed., Physics in Culture 1. Thessaloniki: 208-217.
• 12. Dergachev V.A. and Vasiliev S.S., 1999: Cross-dating methods in Dendrochronology and construction dates of Altai barrows. In: Papaskevopoulos K.M., ed., Physics in Culture 1. Thessaloniki: 217-226.
• 13. Dergachev V.A., Vasiliev S.S., Sementsov A.A., Zaitseva G.I., Chugunov K.V. and Sljusarenko I.Yu., 2001: Dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating methods in archaeological study of Scythian sites. Radiocarbon 43: 417-425.
• 14. Devlet M.A., 1973: The excavations of the Stone Age sites in the Todzha (Eastern Sayan). The problems of the Ural and Siberian Archaeology. Moscow (in Russian).
• 15. Faegri K. and Iversen J., 1998: Textbook of Pollen analysis. Fourth Edition. New York: Jon Wiley&Sons: 328 pp.
• 16. Gryaznov M.P., 1980: Arzhan. Leningrad: 62 pp (in Russian).
• 17. Koulkova M.A., 2004: Application of geochemistry to paleoenvironmental reconstruction in Southern Siberia. Impact of the environment on human migration in Eurasia. Kluwer Publisher, Brussels: 255-275.
• 18. Marsadolov L.S., 1984: About the sequences of the construction of the great barrows of the Pazyryk group in Altai. Archaeological Journal of the State Hermitage Museum 25: 90-98 (in Russian).
• 19. Marsadolov L.S., 1988: Tree-ring Chronology of the Great Barrows of Sayan-Altai (1th millennium BC). Archaeological Journal of the State Hermitage Museum 29. Leningrad: 65-81 (in Russian).
• 20. Peck A.J., Khosbayar P. and Fowell S.J., 2002: Mid to Late Holocene climate change in north central Mongolia as recorded in the sediments of Lake Telmen. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2817: 1-9.
• 21. Ramsey B.C., 1994: Analysis of Chronological Information and Radiocarbon Calibration: The Program OxCal. Archaeological Computing Newsletter 41: 11-16.
• 22. Ramsey B.C., 2001: Development of the Radiocarbon Program OxCal. Radiocarbon 43 (2A): 355-363.
• 23. Semenov V.A., 1992: Neolithic and Bronze Age of Tuva. St.Petersburg, LNIAO Press: 152 pp (in Russian).
• 24. Semenov V.A., 2000: Chronology of the burial mounds – Kosh-Pei group in Tuva. Radiocarbon and Archaeology 1. St.Petersburg, Thesa press: 75-79.
• 25. Semenov V.A., 2001: Neolithic and Bronze Age. The history of Tuva 1. Novosibirsk: 21-37.
• 26. Semenov V.A., 2004: Neolithization of the Minusinska hollow and Tuva (the Upper Yenise Neolithic culture). In: Timofeev V.I. and Zaitseva G.I., eds, The Chronological problems and cultural interactions of the Neolithic cultures of Eurasia. IHMC Press: 70- 88 (in Russian).
• 27. van Geel B., van der Plicht J., Kilian M.R., Klaver E.R., Kouwenberg J.H.M., Renssen H., Reynaud-Farrera I. and Waterbolk H.T., 1998: The sharp rise of delta 14C ca. 800 cal BC: possible causes, related climatic teleconnections and the impact on human environments. Radiocarbon 40: 535-550.
• 28. Vasiliev S.A. and Semenov V.A., 1993: Prehistory of the upper Yenisei area (Southern Siberia). Journal of World prehistory 7(2). New York and London: 213-242.
• 29. Vitt V.O., 1952: The horses of the kurgans of Pazyryk. Journal of Soviet Archaeology 16: 163- 206 (in Russian).
• 30. Volkova E.A., 1994: Botanical geography of Mongolian and Gobian Altai. Saint-Petersburg. The Proceeding of the V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute of RAS: 130 pp (in Russian).
• 31. Volkova N.I., 1998: Geochemistry of rare elements in water and sediments of alkaline lakes in the Sasykkul depression, East Pamirs. Geochemical Geology 117: 265-277.
• 32. van Wesemael J.Ch., 1955: De depaling van het calciumcarbonaatgehalte van gronden (The determination of calcium carbonates in soils). Chemish Weekblad 51: 35-36 (in Dutch).
• 33. Zaitseva G.I., Vasiliev S.S., Marsadolov L.S., Sementsov A.A., Dergachev V.A. and Lebedeva L.M., 1996: Using the mathematical statistics methods for the correlation of dendrochronological and radiocarbon data (on the materials of the elite barrows of the sayan-Altai. Archaeology and Radiocarbon 1: 33-38 (in Russian).
• 34. Zaitseva G.I., Vasiliev S.S., van der Plicht J., Marsadolov L.S., Sementsov A.A., Dergachev V.A. and Lebedeva L.M., 1998: New investigations on the chronology of the key sites of the Scythian epoch in the Sayan-Altai. Actes du colloque”C14 Archeologie”: 315-318.
• 35. Zaitseva G.I., Chugunov K.V., Dergachev V.A., Nagler A., Parzinger H., Scott E.M., Sementsov A.A., Vasiliev S.S., van Geel B., van der Plicht J. and Lebedeva L.M., 2004: Chronological studies of the Arzhan-2 Scythian monument in Tuva (Russia). Radiocarbon 46(1): 277-284.