Thermal maturity and depositional environments of organic matter in the post-Variscan succession of the Holy Cross Mountains

• Autorzy: Marynowski L. , Salamon R. , Narkiewicz M.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The results of GC-MS investigations of biomarkers in organic matter from the epicontinental Permian and Triassic strata of the Holy Cross Mts. indicate generally suboxic (Permian) and oxic (Triassic, except for the Middle Muschelkalk) depositional environments with accompanying intensive bacterial reworking of organic remains. The biomarker spectra found in the Middle Muschelkalk and in the Entolium discites Beds (Upper Muschelkalk) show the presence of gammacerane, an increased concentration of C₃₄ homohopanes and a Pr/Ph ratio not exceeding 1. All these observations suggest a hypersaline sedimentary environment with water column stratification and poorly oxygenated conditions. Thermal maturity investigations were based on both vitrinite reflectance and biomarker indices. The organic matter in the Triassic succession is slightly more mature along the northern margin of the Holy Cross Mts. than along their southern part, due probably to a regional increase in the maximum burial depth during the Mesozoic. The maturity of the Permian strata at Gałęzice (southern Holy Cross Mts.) is similar to that of the Triassic rocks whereas Kajetanów (in the north) is characterised by values significantly higher and comparable to those found in wells further north. The difference cannot be accounted for solely by differential burial depths, and implies the existence of a positive thermal anomaly active before the Middle Triassic. Our investigations generally confirmed the low thermal maturity of the Triassic. However, contrary to earlier interpretations, we suggest that the maximum burial depths based on a reconstructed thickness of the post-Triassic deposits may account for the observed maturity levels, assuming that geothermal gradients in the Mesozoic were similar to today's.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Holy Cross Mountains; Permian; Triassic; biomarkers; depositional environment; thermal maturity

• Wydawca: Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Geological Quarterly
• Rocznik: 2002
• Tom: Vol. 46, No 1
• Strony: 25--36
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 57.poz., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Marynowski L.

• Department of Earth Sciences, Silesian University, Będzińska 60, PL-42-200 Sosnowiec

autor

Salamon R.

• Department of Earth Sciences, Silesian University, Będzińska 60, PL-42-200 Sosnowiec

autor

Narkiewicz M.

• Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka 4, PL-00-975 Warszawa

Bibliografia

• 1. ALEXANDER R., KAGI R. I., ROWLAND S. J., SHEPPERD P. N. and CHIRILA T. V. (1985) - The effect of thermal maturity on distribution of dimethylnaphthalenes and trimethylnaphthalenes in some ancient sediments and petroleums. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 49: 385-395.
• 2. BELKA Z. (1990) - Thermal maturation and burial history from conodont colour alteration data, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Cour. Forsch. Inst. Senckenberg, 118: 241-251.
• 3. BEŁKA Z. (1978) - Stop Gałęzice. In: Symposium on Central European Permian (eds. T. Piątkowski and R. Wagner). Excursion Guide, 2: 49-55.
• 4. BEŁKA Z. (1991) - Permian. In: Field-guide of the Geological Excursion to Poland (eds. Z. Bełka, A. Matyja and A. Radwański): 54-61. Univ. Warsaw.
• 5. BRASSELL S. C., SHENG GUOYING, FU JIAMO and EGLINTON G. (1988) - Biological markers in lacustrine Chinese oil shale. In: Lacustrine Petroleum Source Rocks Geological Society Special Publication (eds. A. J. Fleet et al.). Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 40: 299-308. Blackwell Sc. Publ., Oxford.
• 6. CONNAN J. (1984) - Biodegradation of crude oils in reservoirs. In: Advances in Petroleum Geochemistry (eds. J. Brooks and D. Welte). Academic Press, London, 1: 299-335.
• 7. CZECHOWSKI F. (1995) - Biomarkers assemblage in relation to coal rank (eds. J. A Pajares and J. M. D Tascon). Coal Sc. Technol., 24: 291-294.
• 8. DADLEZ R., MAREK S. and POKORSKI J. (eds) (1998) - Atlas paleogeograficzny epikontynentalnego permu i mezozoiku w Polsce 1:2 500 000. Państw. Inst. Geol., Warszawa.
• 9. DADLEZ R., NARKIEWICZ M., STEPHENSON R. A., VISSER M. T. M. and VAN WEES J.-D. (1995) - Tectonic evolution of the Mid-Polish Trough: modelling implications and significance for central European geology. Tectonophysics, 252 (1-4): 179-195.
• 10. GŁAZEK J. and KUTEK J. (1976) - Powaryscyjski rozwój geotektoniczny obszaru świętokrzyskiego. Przew. 48 Zjazdu PTG: 14-51, Wyd. Geol. Warszawa.
• 11. GRABOWSKI J., NARKIEWICZ M., NAWROCKI J., WAKSMUNDZKA M. I. (2002) - Permian diagenetic event in the Devonian carbonates in southern Poland - palaeomagnetic evidence (in Polish with English summary). Prz. Geol., 50 (1): 78-86.
• 12. GROTEK I. (1998) - Thermal maturity of organic matter in the Zechstein deposits of the Polish Lowlands area (in Polish with English summary). Pr. Państw. Inst. Geol., 165: 255-259.
• 13. HUANG H. and PEARSON M. J. (1999) - Source rock palaeoenvironments and controls on the distribution of dibenzothiophenes in lacustrine crude oils, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China. Org. Geochem., 30: 1455-1470.
• 14. HUNT J. M. (1996) - Petroleum geochemistry and geology. W. H. Free-man and Company, New York.
• 15. KLECZKOWSKI A. (1959) - The Muschelkalk on the northern border of the Holy Cross Mts. west of Skarżysko-Kamienna (in Polish with English summary). Rocz. Pol. Tow. Geol., 29 (1): 3-59.
• 16. KOSTECKA A. (1978) - The Lower Muschelkalk carbonate rocks of the south-western margin of the Holy Cross Mountains (central Poland). Rocz. Pol. Tow. Geol., 48 (2): 211-243.
• 17. KOWALCZEWSKI Z. and RUP M. (1989) - Zechstein rocks of the Góry Świętokrzyskie. Biul. Inst. Geol., 362: 5-39.
• 18. KUTEK J. and GŁAZEK J. (1972) - The Holy Cross Area, Central Poland, in the Alpine cycle. Acta Geol. Pol., 22 (4): 603-653.
• 19. LI M., OSADETZ K. G., HUANXIN Y., OBERMAJER M., FOWLER M. G., SNOWDON L. R. and CHRISTENSEN R. (1998) - Unusual crude oils in the Canadian Williston Basin, southeastern Saskatchewan. Org. Geochem., 28 (7-8): 477-488.
• 20. LU S. T. and KAPLAN I. R. (1992) - Diterpanes, triterpanes, steranes, and aromatic hydrocarbons in natural bitumens and pyrolysates from different humic coals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56: 2761-2788.
• 21. MAREK S. and PAJCHLOWA M. (eds.) (1997) - The epicontinental Permian and Mesozoic in Poland. Prace Państw. Inst. Geol., 153. MARYNOWSKI L. (1997) - Maturity level of the organic matter from the carbonate Devonian rocks in the Holy Cross Mountains (in Polish). Prz. Geol., 45 (9): 899-904.
• 22. MARYNOWSKI L. (1999) - Thermal maturity of organic matter in Devonian rocks of the Holy Cross Mountains (in Polish with English summary). Prz. Geol., 47 (12): 1125-1129.
• 23. MARYNOWSKI L., NARKIEWICZ M. and GRELOWSKI C. (2000) - Biomarkers as environmental indicators in a carbonate complex, example from the Middle to Upper Devonian, Holy Cross Mts., Poland. Sediment. Geol., 137 (3-4): 187-212.
• 24. Thermal maturity and depositional environments of organic matter in the post-Variscan succession of the Holy Cross Mts. source rocks of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Organic Geochem., 32 (1): 69-85.
• 25. NOBLE R. A., ALEXANDER R., KAGI R. I. and KNOX J. (1985) - Tetracyclic diterpenoid hydrocarbons in some Australian coals, sediments and crude oils. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 49: 2141-2147.
• 26. NOBLE R. A., ALEXANDER R. and KAGI R. I. (1986) - Identification of some diterpenoid hydrocarbons in petroleum. Org. Geochem., 10: 825-829.
• 27. PALMER S. E. (1984) - Effect of water washing on C15+ hydrocarbon fraction of crude oils from northwest Palawan, Philippines. AAPG Bull., 68: 137-149.
• 28. PETERS K. E. and MOLDOWAN J. M. (1993) - The biomarker guide. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
• 29. RADKE M. and WELTE D. H. (1983) - The Methylphenanthrene Index (MPI): a maturity parameter based on aromatic hydrocarbons. Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1981 (ed. M. Bjrroy ): 504-512.
• 30. RADKE M. and WILLSCH H. (1994) - Extractable alkyldibenzothiophenes in Posidonia shale (Toarcian) source rocks: relationship of yields to petroleum formation and expulsion. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58 (23): 5223-5244.
• 31. RADKE M., WELTE D. H. and WILLSCH H. (1986) - Maturity parameters based on aromatic hydrocarbons: influence of the organic matter type. Org. Geochem., 10: 51-63.
• 32. SEIFERT W. K., and MOLDOWAN J. M. (1978) - Applications of steranes, terpanes, and monoaromatics to the maturation, migration, and source of crude oils. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 42: 77-95.
• 33. SENKOWICZOWA H. (1956) - Muschelkalk on the northern periphery of the Święty Krzyż Mountains (in Polish with English summary). Biul. Inst. Geol., 113: 65-137.
• 34. SENKOWICZOWA H. (1957a) - Contribution to the cognizance of the Muschelkalk in the Święty Krzyż Mountains (in Polish with English summary). Kwart. Geol., 1 (3-4): 482-497.
• 35. SENKOWICZOWA H. (1957b) - The Muschelkalk on the southern slope of the Święty Krzyż Mts. between Czarna Nida and Chmielnik. Biul. Inst. Geol., 122: 5-81.
• 36. SENKOWICZOWA H. (1958) - Notes on the Middle Triassic in the re-gion of Radoszyce (in Polish with English summary). Kwart. Geol., 2 (2): 347-361.
• 37. SENKOWICZOWA H. (1959) - Röth and Muschelkalk in the vicinity of Chęciny (Święty Krzyż Mountains) (in Polish with English summary). Biul. Inst. Geol., 159: 53-97.
• 38. SENKOWICZOWA H. (1961) - The Röth and Muschelkalk in the western marginal area of the Święty Krzyż Mountains (in Polish with English summary). Biul. Inst. Geol., 167: 41-90.
• 39. SENKOWICZOWA H. (1970) - Triassic (without Rhaetian deposits). In: The Stratigraphy of the Mesosoic in the Margin of the Góry Świętokrzyskie (in Polish with English summary). Prace Inst. Geol., 56: 7-44.
• 40. SENKOWICZOWA H. (1973) - Trias. Góry Świętokrzyskie. In: Budowa Geologiczna Polski. Stratygrafia. 2, Mezozoik (ed. S. Sokołowski): 56-71. Wyd. Geol.
• 41. SENKOWICZOWA H. and SZYPERKO-ŚLIWCZYŃSKA A. (1961) - Geological atlas of Poland. Stratigraphic and facial problems. Trias, 8 (in Polish with English summary). Inst. Geol., Warszawa.
• 42. SINNINGHE DAMSTÉ J. S., KENIG F., KOOPMANS M. P., KÖSTER J., SCHOUTEN S., HAYES J. M. and DE LEEUW J. W. (1995) - Evidence for gammacerane as an indicator of water column stratification. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59: 1895-1900.
• 43. SKOMPSKI S. (1995) - The Holy Cross Mountains - post-Variscan cover. Stop 7. Gałęzice. In: M. Lipiec et al. Development of the Variscan Basin and Epi-Variscan Cover at the Margin of the East Euro-pean Platform (Pomerania, Holy Cross Mts., Kraków Upland). XIII Int. Congr. Carbonif.-Permian, August 28-September 2, 1995, Kraków, Guide to Excursion, A2: 29-31.
• 44. SZCZEPANIK Z. (1997) - Preliminary results in thermal alteration investigations of the Cambrian acritarchs in the Holy Cross Mts. Geol. Quart., 41 (3): 257-264.
• 45. SZULC J. (2000) - Middle Triassic evolution of the northern Peri-Tethys area as influenced by early opening of the Tethys Ocean. Ann. Soc. Geol. Polon., 70 (1): 1-48.
• 46. ten HAVEN H. L., DE LEEUW J. W., RULLKÖTTER J. and SINNINGHE DAMSTÉ J. S. (1987) - Restricted utility of the pristane/phytane ratio as a palaeoenvironmental indicator. Nature, 330: 641-643.
• 47. ten HAVEN H. L., DE LEEUW J. W. and SCHENCK P. A. (1985) - Organic geochemical studies of a Messinian evaporitic basin, northern Apennines (Italy). In: Hydrocarbon Biological Markers for a Hypersaline Environment. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 49: 2181-2191.
• 48. ten HAVEN H. L., DE LEEUW J. W., SINNINGHE DAMSTÉ J. S., SCHENCK P. A., PALMER S. E. and ZUMBERGE J. E. (1988) - Application of biological markers in the recognition of palaeohypersaline environments. Lacustrine Petroleum Source Rocks, (eds. A. J. Fleet et al.). Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 40: 123-130. Blackwell Sc. Publ., Oxford.
• 49. TISSOT B. and WELTE D. H. (1984) - Petroleum formation and occurence. Springer-Verlag, New York.
• 50. TRAMMER J. (1975) - Stratigraphy and facies development of the Muschelkalk in south western Holy Cross Mts. Acta Geol. Polon., 25 (2): 179-216.
• 51. van AARSSEN B. G. K., ALEXANDER R. and KAGI R. I. (1996) - The origin of Barrow sub-basin crude oils: a geochemicalcorrelation using land-plant biomarkers. APEA J., 36: 465-476.
• 52. van AARSSEN B. G. K., BASTOW T. P., ALEXANDER R. and KAGI R. I. (1999) - Distributions of methylated naphthalenes in crude oils: indicators of maturity, biodegradation and mixing. Org. Geochem., 30: 1213-1227.
• 53. van AARSSEN B. G. K., ALEXANDER R. and KAGI R. I. (2000) - Higher plant biomarkers reflect palaeovegetation changes during Jurassic times. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 64: 1417-1424.
• 54. WAGNER R. (1994) - Stratigraphy and evolution of the Zechstein Basin in the Polish Lowlands. Prace Państw. Inst. Geol., 146: 1-71.
• 55. WAN HASIAH A. (1999) - Organic facies variation in the Triassic shallow marine and deep marine shales of central Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Marine Petrol. Geol., 16: 467-481.
• 56. YAWANARAJAH S. R. and KRUGE M. A. (1994) - Lacustrine shales and oil shales from Stellarton Basin, Nova Scotia, Canada: organofacies variations and use of polyaromatic hydrocarbons as maturity indicators. Org. Geochem., 21: 153-170.
• 57. ZACHARSKI J. (1995) - Stratygrafia i sedymentologia utworów wapienia muszlowego NE obrzeżenia Gór Świętokrzyskich. MSc. Thesis, Cracow University.