Acoustic output levels and ultrasound output display standard

• Autorzy: Lewin P. A. , Nowicki A.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

This paper discusses rationale behind the development of output display standard (ODS) and points out its clinical implications. Physical mechanisms of interaction between ultrasound and biological tissue are reviewed and basic ultrasound field parameters needed to understand and appreciate the impact of Mechanical Index (MI) and Thermal Index (TI) on clinical practice are introduced. Definition of indices is presented and their dependence on acoustic field generated by the scanning probes is discussed. The applicability of MI as an predictor of the potential mechanical effects in B-mode imaging and TI's relevance in Doppler, M-mode and color flow imaging is indicated. Three different tissue models, namely, homogeneous and layered, and bone/tissue interface are presented in detail and the influence of each of the models on the potential temperature increase prediction is stressed. The importance of implementation of ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle is also noted out.

• Wydawca: Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN ; Komitet Akustyki PAN ; Polskie Towarzystwo Akustyczne
• Czasopismo: Archives of Acoustics
• Rocznik: 1998
• Tom: Vol. 23, no. 2
• Strony: 267--280
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 27 poz.,tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Lewin P. A.

• School of Biomedical Engineering and Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA

autor

Nowicki A.

• Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland)

Bibliografia

• [1] 510 (k) Guide for measuring and reporting acoustic output of diagnostic ultrasound devices, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC., 1985 (revisions 1993-6).
• [2] National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), NEMA Acoustic Output Measurement Standard for Diagnostic Ultrasound Equipment, UD-2-1992, NEMA (Washington, DC.) and AIUM (American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine) Acoustic Output Measurement and Labeling Stan¬dard for Diagnostic Ultrasound Equipment.
• [3] National Electrical Manufactures Association (NEMA), NEMA Acoustic Output Measurement Standard for Diagnostic Ultrasound Equipment, UD -3-1993, NEMA an d AI UM (American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine) Standard for Real Time Display of Thermal and Mechanical Acoustic Output Indices on Diagnostic Ultrasound Equipment.
• [4] IEC Ultrasonics - Field Safety, Pa rt 1: Classification Scheme for Medical Diagnostic Fields (International Electrotechnical Committee Draft 87/62B (sec) 63/218, Jan. 1994).
• [5] Medical ultrasound safety, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, p. 1-40, 14750 Sweitzer Lane, Suite 100, Laurel, MD 20707-5906, 1994.
• [6] Biological effects of ultrasound: Mechanisms and clinical implications, NCRP Report No. 74, MD, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda 1984.
• [7] Bioeffects and safety of diagnostic ultrasound, pp. 1-40, Laurel, MD, American Institute of Ultra¬sound in Medicine, 1993.
• [8] NCRP, Exposure criteria for medical diagnostic ultrasound: I. Criteria based on thermal mech¬anisms, NCRP Rep ort No. 113, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda MD 1992.
• [9] R.E. Apfel and C.K. Holland, Gauging the likelihood of cavitation from short-pulse low-duty cycle diagnostic ultrasound, Ultrasound Med. Biol., 17, 179-185 (1991).
• [10] S.E. Barnett, G.R. Haar, M.C. Ziskin et al, Current status of research on biophysical effects of ultrasound, Ultrasound Med. Biol., 20, 3, 205 (1994).
• [11] E.L. Carstensen, S.Z. Child, C. Crane, K.J. Parker, Lysis of cells in Elodea leaves by pulsed and continuous wave ultrasound, Ultrasound Med. Biol., 16, 167-173 (1990).
• [12] C.C. Church, H.G. Flynn, A mechanism for generation of cavitation maxima by pulsed ultra¬sound, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 76, 505 (1984).
• [13] L.A. Crum, G.M. Hansen, Growth of air bubbles in tissue by rectified diffusion, Phys. Med. Biol., 27, 412 (1982).
• [14] C.K. Holland, R.E. Apfel, Thresholds for transient cavitation produced by pulsed ultrasound in a controlled nuclei environment, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 88, 2059-2069 (1989).
• [15] P.A. Lewin, L. Bjorno, Acoustic pressure amplitude thresholds f or rectified diffusion in gaseous microbubbles in biological tissue, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 69, 846 (1981).
• [16] P.A. Lewin, B.B. Goldberg, Ultrasound bioeffects for the perinatologist, [in:] Gynecology and Obstetrics, J.J. SciARRA [Ed.], pp. 1-19, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia 1997.
• [17] D.L. Miller, A review of the ultrasonic bioeffects of microsonation: Gas-body activation and related cavitation-like phenomena, Ultrasound Med. Biol., 13, 443 (1987).
• [18] T.G. Muir, E.L. Carstensen, Prediction of nonlinear effects at biomedical frequencies and in¬tensities, Ultrasound Med. Biol., 6, 345 (1980).
• [19] W.L. Nyborg, Physical mechanisms for biological effects of ultrasound, US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Publication No. 78-8062. Washington, DC, Government Prin ting Office, 1977.
• [20] W.L. Nyborg, M.C. Ziskin, Biological Effects of Ultrasound, New York, Churchill-Livingstone 1985.
• [21] W.L. Nyborg, J. Wu, Relevant parameters with rationale, [in:] Ultrasonic Exposimetry, M.C. Ziskin, P.A. Lewin [Eds.], pp. 85-112, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1993.
• [22] K.M. Seekins, A.F. Emery, Thermal science for physical medicine, [in:] Therapeutic Heat and Cold, J.F . Lehmann [Ed.], pp. 70-132, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1982.
• [23] C. Sehgal, R.G. Sutherland, R.E. Verral, Sonoluminescence of NO- and NO2-saturated water as a probe of acoustic cavitation, J. Phys. Chem., 84, 396 (1980).
• [24] H.S. Stewart, P.X. Silvis, S.W. Smith, Patient exposure data for Doppler ultrasound, Clin. Diagn. Ultrasound, 34, 187 (1986).
• [25] M.E. Stratmeyer, H.F. Stewart, An overview of ultrasound: Theory measurements. Medical applications and biological effects, Washington, DC, US Department of Health and Human Services. Publication No. (FDA) 82-8290, 1982.
• [26] K.E. Thomenius, Estimation of the potential for bioeffects, [in:] Ultrasonic Exposimetry, M.C. Ziskin, P.A. Lewin [Eds], pp. 371-407, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1993.
• [27] P.N .T. Wells, Physics of ultrasound, [in:] Ultrasonic Exposimetry, M.C. Ziskin, P.A. Lewin [Eds], pp. 9-45, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1993.