Od Orteliusza do OpenStreetMap - przemiana mapy w wielofunkcyjny drogowskaz

• Autorzy: Ormeling F.

Warianty tytułu

EN

From Ortelius to OpenStreetMap - Transformation of the Map into a Multifunctional Signpost

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Artykuł prezentuje ocenę rozwoju w ciągu ostatnich 40 lat kartografii jako dziedziny dotyczącej narzędzi do podejmowania decyzji. W latach 1980. rozwój automatyzacji na gruncie kartografii przeszkodził wykorzystaniu rezultatów badań psychofizycznych. Obecnie ma miejsce podobna sytuacja - rozwój badań funkcjonalności map jest zagrożony przez procesy partycypacji społecznej.

EN

Ortelius collected reliable map material from Eu­rope best cartographers before publishing the first modern atlas in 1570. Since then much has changed and one of the exponents of those changes is the recent OpenStreetMap project, in which volunteers collect topographical information on their own. It is part of achieving a well-mapped society, whereby everyone has access to the spatial information that she needs, anytime and anywhere. The last 40 years saw important paradigm changes in cartography. In 1970 it still meant production omaps, notwithstanding the application of the grammar of graphical language in the presentation of geographic information in the preceding decade. That combination supplied the impetus for a scientific approach to in­formation transfer, based upon empirical research: by comparing what map readers read off a map with what cartographers inserted on it, one could measure the effectiveness of a map design. This played a key role in the development of cartography, because it opened the door for psycho-physical research. It also led to a new definition of cartography in the 1980s, as the production and use of maps. That development was interrupted however by the onset of automation. Gradually it became clear that the computer could do more than only produce maps: once one had stored the spatial information needed to draw maps in the computer, the map contents could be flexibly adapted for various purposes. With the new methods of analysis, the door had opened to geographic information systems. It be-came possible to separate the storage function of the map from the communication function which changed the content of the term cartography once again: now cartography stands for passing on spatial information to support decision making. Simultaneously this process is affected by the democratization of cartography (everyone is now producing her own maps, frequently without sufficient cartographic knowledge). At the same time much cartographical information is no longer publicly available because files are no longer printed but kept in the computer. That has led to the development of Public Participation GIS, an attempt to make GIS techniques and government data files clear and accessible to a broader public, which helps in providing the public with realistic possibilities to share in decision-making. The public is also adapting digital techniques like GeoTagging or mash-ups to its mapping needs and is circum-venting copyright laws by generating freely available geographic data such as for road maps and city maps, as in the OpenStreetMap project. In this same context, atlases and maps are proposed that provide frameworks, within which user-generated data as well as such social digital networks as Web 2.0 and Wiki can be easily integrated. In this way people would be enabled to incorporate information that they consider relevant. But is this consistent with optimal spatial information transfer? Ortelius collected information from the world's best cartographers, and that madę his atlas such a success. So should we now allow atlases to be filled by crowd-surfing processes? Is active civilian participation enough? In my opinion we are running the risk, with cartographic materiał to which anyone and everyone can contribute his own information, that - without exercising professional control over the contents to be added - we are replacing quality by consensus, so that in the long run no one will any longer be able to truły depend on the data.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

Internet 2.0; zmiana paradygmatu; funkcjonalność

EN

Web 2.0; ubiquitous cartography; paradigm change; usability

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne. Oddział Kartograficzny
• Czasopismo: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
• Rocznik: 2009
• Tom: T. 41, nr 4
• Strony: 319--329
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 11 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Ormeling F.

• Faculty of Geographical Stuidies Utrecht University,

Bibliografia

• Bertin J., 1967, Semiologie graphique. Paris - The Hague: Mouton/Gauthier-Villars.
• Crampton J. W., Krygier J., 2006, An introduction to critical Cartography. „An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies" Vol. 4, no. 1, s. 11-33.
• Elzakker C.P.J.M. van, 2004, The use of maps in the exploration of geographic data. „Geographical Studies" No. 326. Utrecht - Enschede: KNAG / Geo-science Department, University of Utrecht / ITC.
• Goodchild M. R, Pinde Fu, Rich P., 2007, Sharing geographic information: an assessment of the geospatial one-stop. „Annals of the Association of American Geographers" Vol. 97, no. 2, s. 250-266.
• Kolaćny A., 1969, Cartographic information: a foundamental concept and term in modern cartography. „The Cartographic Journal" Vol. 6, no. 1, s. 47-49.
• Kolaćny A., 1970, Kartographische Information - ein Grundbegriff und Grundterminus der modernen Kartographie. „Internationales Jahrbuch fur Kartographie" Vol. 10, s. 186-193.
• Kraak M.-J., Ormeling F.J., Broeder W., MacGillavry E., Goorbergh W. van den, 2007, The Dutch National Atlas in a Gil environment: the application of design templates. „Abstracts of Papers. XXIII International Cartographic Conference, 4-10 August, Moscow 2007, Russia", s. 272.
• Ormeling F.J., Kraak M.-J., 1987, Kartografie. Ontwerp, productie an gebruik van kaarten. Delft: Delft University Press.
• Ormeling F.J., Kraak M.-J., 2007, Maps as predictive tools. Mind the gap. „Abstracts of Papers. XXIII International Cartographic Conference, 4-10 August, Moscow 2007, Russia", s. 18-21.
• Sieber R., 2006, Public participation geographic information system: a literature review and framework. „Annals of the Association of American Geographers" Vol. 96, no. 3, s. 491-507.
• Virrantaus K., Fairbairn D., 2007, ICA Research Agenda on Cartography and Gl Science. „Abstracts of Papers. XXIII International Cartographic Conference, 4-10 August, Moscow 2007, Russia", s. 22-29 (polskie tłumaczenie artykułu ukazało się w „Polskim Przeglądzie Kartograficznym" T. 40, 2008, nr 1, s. 7-20).