Sieci komputerowe a kartografia

• Autorzy: Berlant A. M.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Computer networks and cartography

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

W artykule przedstawiono możliwości, jakie dla kartografii stwarza Internet. Sieć ta jest rozszerzeniem możliwości kartograficznej formy przekazu, a nie zagrożeniem dla kartografii.

EN

The emergence of the Internet, which enables transmission of graphic images (i.e. also maps), is a new problem in cartography). The future of cartography will be closely connected with communication networks. It is therefore desirable to take a closer look at the conceptual and essential aspects of this issue, in order to form an opinion on the further directions of the process of transformation of cartography on the threshold of a new millenium. We can now meet with opinions, that the GIS technology will surely incorporate cartography, crowding it out, to become just a tool for visualization. However, we should hope it will never happen, since the Geographic Information Systems must be grounded not only on technology but on the systematic cognition of the world. Geoimages found in the Internet can be divided into the following categories: - static geoimages, - interactive geoimages, - animations, films, multimedia geoimages, - geoimages in the Geographic Information Systems. Currently, more and more atlases can be found in the Internet. They can be fast and efficiently up-to-dated, which is a step toward the National Atlas Information Systems. The atlases of Canada, the Netherlands and Switzerland can serve as examples. Also virtual atlases are available on the Net. This kind of atlases provides access to spatial data on different levels - from general overviews up to the country and regional profiles. The circle of Internet users is immense. Prior to 1995, over 50 million people had had access to the Internet, now the number largely increased. An average user is between 15 and 40 years of age, is well educated, and is also computer- -literate. The Internet is best developed in North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. Unfortunately, the Internet users lack cartographic training, and as a result, the WWW maps are more and more often prepared by nonspecialists. The use of computer networks as data transmission media, for both scientific and didactic purposes, spread in Russia in the late 1980s, with regional centers developed in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk and Khabarovsk. The adventages to be gained from using computer networks as cartographic information transmission media are unquestionable. However, creating such new possibilities, the Internet itself requires a cartographic presentation. The subject of the apping process is varied; consisting of aspects of making inventories, evaluating and also of the prospects of the network development. In the author's opinion, cartography as an independent branch of science will survive, and will not melt away on the Internet.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

kartografia; komputer; sieć komputerowa; Internet

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne. Oddział Kartograficzny
• Czasopismo: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
• Rocznik: 1999
• Tom: T. 31, nr 2
• Strony: 83--91
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 20 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Berlant A. M.

• Katedra Kartografii i Geoinformatyki Uniwersytetu im. M. Łomonosowa, Moskwa

Bibliografia

• Arnaud A., Cragila M., Slage F., Scholten H., 1993, The research agenda of European Science Foundation's GISDATA scientific programme. „Intern J. of Geogr. Inform. Systems" Vol. 7, no. 7, s. 463-470.
• Ashdowne S., Cartwright W., Neviie L., 1997, A virtual atlas on World Wide Web: concept,devełopment and implementation. W: ICC '97. Proceedings 18th ICA/ ACI Intern. Cartogr. Conf., Stockholm, Vol. 2, s. 663-672.
• Beddoe D., 1997, Cartointemeł: consideration for publishing data-driven maps on World Wide Web. W: ICC '97. Proceedings 18th ICA/ACI Intern. Cartogr Conf., Stockholm, Vol. 4, s. 2170-2177.
• Berlant A. M., 1997, Tielekommunikacyonnoje kartografirowanije. „Wiestnik Mosk. Uniw. Gieogr." Nr 3, s. 12-17. ,
• Berlant A. M., Alautdinow A. P., Musin O. R, Płatonow A. P., 1995, Kartografirowanije tielekommunikacyonnych sietiej Rossii. „GIS-Obozrienije", wiesna, s. 25-27.
• Bernard M., 1997, Internet et la geomatique. „XYZ: Rev. Assoc. Franç. Toplo." Vol. 19, no. 71, s. 60-62.
• Butler J., 1995, An introduction to geoscience education resources on the Internet. „Computers and Geosciences" Vol. 21, no, 6, s. 817-824.
• Craglia M., 1996, Building networks of European researchers: GISDATA on the Interneł. „Environment and Planning" Vol, 23, no. 4, s. 489-500.
• Daniel R., Oberholzer C., 1997, Development of an Internet Atlas of Switzerland. W: ICC '97. Proceedings 18th ICA/ACI Intern. Cartogr. Conf., Stockholm, Vol. 2, s. 989-995.
• Dodge M., 1996, Mapping in the World Wide Web. „GIS-Europe" Vol. 5, no. 9, s. 22-24.
• Isaacs M., 1995, Mapping the Internet: map-related Internet resources and the tools to acess them. „Bull. Soc. of Univ. Cartographers" Vol. 28, no. 1, s. 1-6.
• Jakuszew Je. W., 1995, Wozmożnosti tielekommunikacyi w Rossii. Moskwa, 68 s.
• Keller C. P., 1995, Visualizing digital atlas information product and the user perspective. „Cartogr. Perspectives" No. 20, winter, s. 21-28.
• Kobben B., Kobp O., 1997, Dutch Atlas information system. Using the Internet for electronic atlas data retrieval. W: ICC ‘97 . Proceedings 181h ICA/ACI Intern. Cartogr. Conf., Stockholm, Vol. 4, s. 1932-1937.
• Koncepcyja Necyonalnogo atIasa Rossii. Projekt, 1995. Moskwa, 68 s.
• Koussoulakou A., van Elzakker G. P. J. L., 1997, Maps and their use on the Internet. W: ICC '97. Proceedings 18th ICA/ACI Intern. Cartogr. Conf., Stockholm, Vol. 2, s. 620-627.
• Peterson M. P., 1997, Trends in Internet map use. W: ICC '97. Proceedings 18th ICA/ACI Intern. Cartogr. Conf., Stockholm, Vol. 3, s. 1635-1642.
• Warf B., 1995, Telecommunications and the changing geographies of knowledge transmission in the tate 20th century. „Urban Studies" Vol. 32, no. 2, s. 361-378.
• Wasienin W. A., 1997, Rossijskije akadiemiczeskije sieti i Internet (sostojanije, problemy, rieszenija). Pod ried. W. A. Sołowniczego. Moskwa: REFIA, 173 s.
• Żdanow I. D., 1994, Kartografo-gieodieziczeskaja służba Rossii na nowom etapie razwitija. „Gieod. i Kartogr." Nr 3, s. 1-8.