Mapy w polskiej prasie codziennej w latach 1918-1939

• Autorzy: Kowalski P.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Maps in Polish daily newspapers in the years 1918-1939

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Na tle uwarunkowań rozwoju prasy codziennej w okresie międzywojennym przedstawiono zmiany struktury tematycznej i liczby map publikowanych na jej łamach, a także ewolucję ich formy, poziomu graficznego i treści, które wynikały z ich specyfiki i wykształcenia osób je opracowujących.

EN

When in 1918 Poland regained its independence after over a century of subordination, new conditions were established for the development of press and press cartography. Difficult beginnings of the Polish state effected from two major reasons. First was the extent of damages after the World War I. Secondly, the state had to unify the areas of three former partitions which had been at different stages of social, economic and cultural development. These factor also influenced the development of press. Additionally, press had to struggle with illiteracy, poor general education, national diversification, poverty of certain social groups, technical conditions and division of printing industry and conditions of press distribution. In the period between the world wars the development of press was closely linked to the general phases of development, stagnation and breakdown of economy, as well as political situation. The subject of research presented in the article are maps (over 3000) published in 14 selected dailies from 6 biggest press centers in the country as well as two provincial ones. Sources available in the archives were not always complete, so the results of statistical analyses should be treated as approximate. In the years 1918-1939 most m,aps (excluding advertisements) were printed in Ilustrowany Kurier Codzinny (Ilustrated Daily Courier)(over 1000), Kurier Poznański (Poznań Courier) (aprox. 630), Kurier Poranny (Morning Courier) (aprox. 330), Kurier Warszawski (Warsow Courier) (over 240). Remaining newspapers printed much less than 200 maps. Initially the small number of maps reflected difficult financial situation of publishing companies, later it resilted from stagnation of the Big Crisis, which reached Poland in the early thirties. A sudden rise in the number of maps published in newspapers can be observed in the second half of the thirties. It was caused not only by the improved economy of the country, dynamic development of publishing houses and growing competition on the market. One can see direct links to international events, mainly military conflicts (wars in the Far East, the Balkans, Morocco, Abyssinia, Spain). Biggest newspapers devoted 25-30% of their maps to those events; smaller dailies even over 60%. Maps of expedition routes, trips, rallies and flights represented a significant share of almost 13%. They were published systematecally throughout the whole period between World Wars. With the development of Polish economy there appeared more communication maps showing communication routes and junctions, projected air routes, localization of new canals, bridges, border crossing points etc. A distinctive group consisted of population maps, which showed distribution of national groups, ethnic groups, level of life, diseases rate, spread of epidemics. Maps of ethnic groups often appeared at the times of ethnic unrest or plebiscites, e.g. during the plebiscite in Upper Silesia. They often had propagandistic character. Propagandistic maps in Polish press were specific and less numerous than in the presses of neighboring countries - Germany and Soviet Russia. Most of tham were reprinted from the newspapers of totalitarian states, mainly Germany and Italy, with attached explanation, commentary, sometimes also a correct interpretation of the problem in the form of a new map. Press maps of the period between the world wars, especially those printed in the twenties in smaller newspapers, often came from foreign press agencies, which provided map services, or other sources. In such cases Polish names and legends were introduced. Original maps were usually prepared by graphic artists, illustrators, cartoonists and sometimes military commentators. In Poland, map service (relatively modest and too expensive for small newspapers) was offered by Polska Agencja Telegraficzna (Polish Telegraph Agency). During the discussed period the cartographic level of maps rose significantly (often simultaneously with the editorial level of publications). In the late thirties it reached the level of maps in press of West European countries, which had far superior financial capacity.The lavel of some maps in Polish newspapers shows that they had been prepared by professional cartographers.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

kartografia; mapa; kartografia tematyczna; ewolucja; prasa

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne. Oddział Kartograficzny
• Czasopismo: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
• Rocznik: 2002
• Tom: T. 34, nr 2
• Strony: 115--131
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 7 poz., mapy, wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Kowalski P.

• Katedra Kartografii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego

Bibliografia

• Dźwigała A., 2000, Mapy prasowe w wybranych polskich dziennikach okresu międzywojennego. Praca magisterska wykonana w Katedrze Kartografii WG i SR Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego pod kierunkiem P. Kowalskiego.
• Obarski M., 1938, Jak pracuje Wydział Ilustracji Prasowej PAT. „Prasa" IX, nr 8-9, s. 3.
• Władyka W., 1988, Prasa Drogiej Rzeczypospolitej W: Łojek J., Myśliński J., Władyka W., 1988, Dzieje prasy polskiej. Warszawa: Interpress.
• Paczkowski A., 1976, Przemiany szaty zewnętrznej dzienników polskich w lalach 1918-1939. „Kwartalnik Historii Prasy Polskiej” t. 15, z. 4.
• Paczkowski A., 1980, Prasa polska w latach 1918-1939. Warszawa: PWN.
• Perkowska T., 1965, Zakłady graficzne Wiktora Kulerskiego w Grudziądzu i ich działalność wydawnicza 1894-1939. „Roczniki Biblioteczne" IX, z. 314, s. 273-363.
• Scharfe W., 1997, The development of consciousness in cartography of mass media maps. Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen” Reihe C, Kartographie, Band 16, s. 1-21.