Mapy pomiędzy pismem, obrazem a elektronicznymi środkami informacji : (relacje strukturalne)

• Autorzy: Gołaski J.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Maps among script, image and electronic means of information : (structural relations)

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Przedmiotem rozważań są stosunki między mapą a innymi środkami informacji o terenie, do których należą od dawna pismo i pejzaż, a obecnie środki elektroniczne. Oprócz rodzaju znaków bierze się przy tym pod uwagę strukturę wzajemnego układu znaków w tych środkach przekazu.

EN

Maps as one of the means of information of the objects on the Earth's surface is formed under influence, and at the same time in opposition to the other means of information. The influence of these means on map was particularly strong when the first maps had been created. This was mainly the natural language recorded in the form of script, and also landscapes used for transmitting the visual impressions. Despite the fact, that a few centuries passed since the first map appeared in our civilization, the process still lasts with a varying rapidity. We can now witness its reacceleration influenced by the electronic means of information. The influence of pre-cartographic means of information on the shape of first maps is manifested in the adoption of written and pictorial signs, and the opposition in the structure of signs on a map. The script, as oppose to maps has a linear and discrete structure; whereas on a landscape the arrangement of signs depends not only on the terrain location of particu- lar objects, but also on the painter's position. The map however, tends to inform us of the location of objects using only the distribution of signs on a plane. First maps on which the inscriptions were used can be called the cartographic primitives. They are characterized by the remains of the structure of script (exemplified by the inscriptions like 'here is the pond' or 'place of a forest', and also the remains of the landscape structure in the form of a horizon line instead of a sheet frame. The period of influence of script on the form of map was relatively short, due to the fact of the script's lack of adaptation to denoting terrain objects on a map. However, the influence of landscapes lasted almost till the end of the 18th century and was justified both by the certain similarity of structures of both forms of information, and by the map creators' aesthetic aspirations. The 19th and almost the whole 20th centuries constituted the period of the map form stabilization, and also the maps' independence of another means of information. Changes to the form and place of maps among the other means of information were to certain degree associated with the search for new channels for transmitting information, and most of all with the introduction of electronic media in connection with a fast data processing with the use of computers. Physically, these new ways of transmitting information have the form of a media, on which signs are the electric charges. The transmission structure, however, depends on whether the media has the form of a disk or a CCD. In the first case its sign series have linear and discrete structure, which is different then the structure of a map, and in the other case the structure of a map can be materialized, still it cannot be visualized by the map user. Taking into consideration the information transmission structure, information on a disk cannot be considered as a map, despite the fact, that it contais data sufficient for creating a map with a computer program. It can be stated, that the introduction of new electronic means did not lead to the creation of new structures, but only introduced new types of signs, that are not recognized directly by any human sense. However, the electronic media did have certain influence on the process of thinking of maps and cartography. Namely, there appeared concepts, according to which databases stored on a disk, and containing information sufficient for creating a map with a computer device and a program can be called a map. Still, it presents problems to develop a general definition of a map, that would incorporate both the cartographic primitives and the map stored on disks. Untill these difficulties are overcomr, it seems sensible to consider the sign structure as the only criterion of a map.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

kartografia; mapa; informacja o terenie; geodezja; historia

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne. Oddział Kartograficzny
• Czasopismo: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
• Rocznik: 1998
• Tom: T. 30, nr 4
• Strony: 251--259
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 1 poz., mapy, rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Gołaski J.

• Katedra Geodezji Akademii Rolniczej w Poznaniu

Bibliografia

• Gołaski Janusz, 1969, Kształtowanie się mapy wsi w Polsce do końca XVIII w. Studia nad genezą wielkoskatowej informacji kartograficznej, „Monografie z dziejów nauki i techniki". T. 60, Zakład Historii Nauki i Techniki PAN. Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków.