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Warianty tytułu
Semantic analysis of GIS software
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
Brakuje metody opisu programów GIS, która pozwoliłaby poznać nie tylko ich funkcje i sposób komunikacji z użytkownikiem, ale również ich głęboką strukturę. Celem analizy semantycznej jest odkrycie tej struktury i zbadanie jej związku ze strukturą poznawczą dyscypliny macierzystej - geografii. Podstawową jednostką głębokiej struktury jest metafora.
GIS software descriptions are widespread but often useless, because they are unable to reveal the inner logic of the system. Like other complex software, GIS may be analysed in terms of three layers: 1) functionality, 2) user interface (shallow layer) and 3) cognitive structures (deep layer). Vendor information sources, factsheets and application studies cover, for the most part, functionality and shallow layer, neglecting deep structure. However, misunderstanding and mismatch between user cognitive structure and software structure severely impairs GIS usefulness, especially when big projects are concerned. The rescue may come from cognitive science and semiology rather than from software engineering. Semantic analysis should be used to 1) achieve good design for new systems, 2) describe exsisting software and make a foundation for professional critical activity, similar to literary or architectural one. Semantic analysis focuses on the mapping between domain-specific cognitive structure and corresponding deep software structure. The letter must be consistent (logically congruent), compact (devoid of unnecessary terms) and abstract (make use of general terms). Metaphors constitute basic components of deep software layer, conveying meaning and analogy from the real world or domain. To properly analyse system at hand, metaphors must be extracted first. The next step is to review each metaphor along five dimensions: 1) analogue (reference to external object), 2) properties, 3) behaviour, 4) composition (if consisting of simpler parts) and 5) relations to other metaphors within the system.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
13--22
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 18 poz.
Twórcy
autor
- Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania PAN Warszawa
Bibliografia
- 1. Anderson A. A., 1S96, Predictors of computer anxiety and performance in information systems. „Computers in Human Behavior" Vol. 12. no. 1, s. 61-77.
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- 3. Brodaric S., Gahegan M., 2002. Distinguishing instances and evidence of geographical concepts for geospatial database design. „Lecture Notes in Computer Science" Vol. 2478, s. 22-37. Berlin: Springe Verlag.
- 4. Chalmers P. A.. 2003, The role of cognitive theory in human-computer interface. „Computers in Human Behavior” Vol. 19. no. 5, s. 593-607.
- 5. Eco U., 1363. Nieobecna struktura. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo KR. 1996.
- 6. Fauconnier G., 1997, Mappings in thought and language. Cambridge University Press.
- 7. Goguen J., 1999. An introduction to algebraic semiotics, with applications to user interface design. “Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence” Vol. 1562, s. 242-291. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
- 8. Goguen J., 2003. Semiotic morph isms, representations, and blending for user interface design. Keynote lecture. W: AMAST Workshop on Algebraic Methods in Language Processing. Proceedings. Verona: AMAST Press.
- 9. Gould M.D., MeGrsnaghsn M., 1990. Metaphor in geographic information systems. W: Proceedings, 4th Conference on Spatial Data HandIing – Zurich 1990.
- 10. Kuhn W., Frank A.U., 1991. A formalization of metaphors and image-schemas in user interfaces. W: Frank A.U., Mark D.M. (Eds.) Cognitive and Linguistic Aspects of Geographic Space. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- 11. Kuhn W., 2002, Modeling the semantics of geographic categories through conceptual integration. “Lecture Notes in Computer Science" Vol. 2478. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
- 12. Little M.R., Nigay L. (ed.j. 2001. Engineering for human-computer interaction. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
- 13. Lackoff G., Johnson M., 1930. Metafory w naszym życiu. Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy 1988.
- 14. Montello D. R., Fabrikant S.I, Ruocco M., Middleton R.S., 2003, Testing the first law of cognitive geography on point-display spatializations. International Conference, COSIT 2003: Spatial Information Theory. „Lecture Notes in Computer Science” Vol. 2825, s. 316-331. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag
- 15. Nehaniv C.L., 2000, The making of meaning in societies: semiotic & information-theoretic background to the evolution of communication. AISB Symposium: Starting from Society - the application of social analogies to computational systems. Proceedings. Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Adaptive Behaviour, s. 73-84.
- 16. Rauterberg M., Hof M., 1995. Metaphor engineering: a participatory approach. W: Schuler W I inni (Eds.), Designing User Inferfaces for Hypermedia, s. 58-67. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
- 17. Richards J.R., Egenhofer M.J., 1995. A comparison of two direct-manipulation GiS user interfaces for map overlay. „Geographical Systems” Vol. 2, no. 4, s. 267-290.
- 18. Walker M.A.. Whittaker S.J., Stent A., Maloor P., Moore J., Johnston M., Vasireddy G.. 2004, Generation and evaluation of user tailored responses in multi-modal dialogue, ”Cognitive Science" Vol. 28, no. 5, s. 311-840.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BAR2-0003-0010