Biomonitoring zanieczyszczeń środowiska

• Autorzy: Wardencki W. , Namieśnik J.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Biomonitoring of environmental pollution

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

W pracy dokonano przeglądu metod biologicznych stosowanych w monitoringu zanieczyszczeń środowiska. W pierwszej części pracy podano ogólne informacje dotyczące klasyfikacji metod biologicznych ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem biowskaźników i biomonitorów oraz omówiono kryteria pomocne przy ich wyborze. Następnie podano przykładowe zastosowanie roślinności (mchów, porostów, części drzew) oraz bioty (planktonu, małży, ludzkich włosów) do określania stopnia zanieczyszczenia środowiska. Przedstawiono również istotę immunoanalizy i przykłady zastosowania tej techniki w analizie środowiskowej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem stosowania testu ELISA do oznaczania pestycydów w różnego typu wodach. W ostatniej części pracy omówiono zasadę działania i klasyfikację bioczujników oraz podano przykłady ich zastosowania do oceny stopnia zanieczyszczenia środowiska pestycydami.

EN

Over the last few years, a rapid increase in the application of biological methods in monitoring and analysis of environmental pollutants has been observed. This trend is due to advantages of biological methods over classical methods of analysis. These advantages include: high specificity resulting from their biological principle of operation, rapidity and low cost, especially when used for biomonitoring, and possibility of use in portable equipment or in field measurements. The review presents the application of biological methods in monitoring of environmental pollution. In the first part, the general classification of biological methods, especially bioindicators and biomonitors and criteria for their selection is presented. Natural indicators do not require any particular knowledge of flora and fauna, and moreover this method allows the estimation of environmental pollution over a large area and in a short time. The examples of application of plants (mosses, lichens, trees and their parts) and living matter - biota (algea, molusk, human hair) for evaluation of a pollution degree are given. Also, the principle and significance of immunoanalysis and examples of its use in environmental analysis were described. Immunoassay can potentially be used in the on-line mode for continuous monitoring of water pollution. Such devices can be very useful for the control of municipal water treatment processes or for the in situ monitoring of level of organic pollutants in rivers. Presently, immunoassay kits are commercially available from several manufactures. The paper presents the examples of the most commonly used method - the ELISA test - in the analysis of water pollution, especially for the determination of pesticides. In the last part, the principle of biosensors, their classification and the examples of application for assessing of a pollution degree of the environment is presented. Biosensors due to their specificity, short response time, low cost, and portability are finding an increasingly wider applicability in environmental analysis. However, great expectations associated with their use in measurements in situ or on-line, thus avoiding the sampling step, have not been completely fullfilled yet. Biosensors can be used in situations when pollutants are known or have been identified previously. Under such circumstances, monitoring of pollutants can be carried out reliably and inexpensively. The review considers the advantages and disadvantages of all discussed biological methods.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

analiza środowiskowa; biomonitoring; biowskaźnik; biomonitor; immunoanaliza; biosensor; pestycydy

EN

environmental pollution; biomonitoring; bioindicator; biomonitor; immunoanalysis; biosensor; pesticides

• Wydawca: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Częstochowskiej
• Czasopismo: Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska
• Rocznik: 2001
• Tom: T. 4, nr 3-4
• Strony: 301--322
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 76 poz., rys.

Twórcy

autor

Wardencki W.

• Politechnika Gdańska, Wydział Chemiczny, Katedra Chemii Analitycznej, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-952 Gdańsk

autor

Namieśnik J.

• Politechnika Gdańska, Wydział Chemiczny, Katedra Chemii Analitycznej, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-952 Gdańsk

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