Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
Models of geographic reality in relation to the models of spatial data
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
Artykuł jest próbą uporządkowania pojęć funkcjonujących na pograniczu informatyki i kartografii (w większości zadomowionych w otoczeniu systemów informacji geograficznej), które stanowią informatyczny, a zarazem kartograficzny opis rzeczywistości - pojęć definiowanych z punktu widzenia kartografa.
The article attempts to classify the terms concerning the modeling of spatial data functioning in the environment of systems of geographical information, which are both digital and cartographic description of geographic reality. In the first section models of spatial data, as elements of models of IT systems concerning space (GIS) are differentiated from database models and models of knowledge, which are independent elements external to system models (fig. 5). The article defines database models and presents their development towards the integration of tools serving the database spatial element with the standard database management system (DBMS). The categories of geographic reality models which are characterized most widely are those useful for modeling of objects and spatial phenomena with IT systems, particularly GIS. These models are characterized according to the criteria of their perception and interpretation. Two major categories should be mentioned here: mental models, which are created in reader's mind and digital models, which appear mostly in digital form. They should be treated separately from dafa models, although some categories of geographic reality models make sense only through certain spatial data models. The article presents features of the above mentioned model categories and provides examples of data sets belonging to them. Mental models are created in reader's mind as a result of his own experience under the influence of direct perception of geographic space. Material models can have three forms: - Topographic model (database), a.k.a. Digital Landscape Model (DIM) - Cartographic model (sign), a.k.a. Digital Cartographic Model (DCM) - Teledetection model (picture), a.k.a. image model. Topographic model contains information on spatial objects (phenomena), the location of which has been established with coordinates of selected reference area. It is characterized with strict georeference, which results in precise preserving of topological properties of objects and creation of unique data structures during its implementation. This model best represents spatial relations between objects and can be the basis for spatial analyses conducted with the use of digital techniques. Cartographic model - (sign) conveys information about objects (phenomena) using fixed graphic conventions - a system of cartographic signs, which are the medium of geographic information. It is a representation of geographic space prepared for direct perception by human senses. Topological features of represented objects are preserved indirectly - they can be read through the method of image interpretation (fig. 9). Teledetection model, often referred to as image model, is a model of geographic reality, which conveys the picture of the area automatically recorded in various ranges of electromagnetic spectrum. In this case object classification of information does not apply, so object classes and their attributes can not be directly modeled. A pixel is a medium of information. Air photos and satellite pictures are examples of such models (fig. 10).
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
217--225
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 4 poz., rys.
Twórcy
autor
- Zakład Kartografii Politechniki Warszawskiej
Bibliografia
- Kraak M.-J., Ormelling R, 1996, Cartography. Visualisation of spatial data. London: Longman Scientific & Technical.
- Makowski A., 2006, Definicja kartografii. Wykład na XV Szkole Kartograficznej, Świat techniki w kartografii, Wałbrzych, referat złożony do druku.
- Spiess E., Baumgartner U., Arn S., Veaz C., 2005, Toppographic maps. Map graphics and generalisation. Swiss Society of Cartography.
- Stoter J.E., 2004, 3D Cadastre. Technische Universiteit Delft.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BAR0-0023-0019
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