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Morskie Obszary Chronione - a way to protect marine biodiversity
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
Morskie Obszary Chronione (MOC) są jedną z form ochrony różnorodności ekosystemów morskich. Ich zadaniem jest zapewnienie ochrony gatunków rzadkich lub zagrożonych, ochrona całych szczególnie cennych zespołów organizmów i ich siedlisk, tworzenie obszarów kontrolnych dla badań nad zmianami środowiska morskiego oraz zapewnienie potencjalnych korzyści dla rybołówstwa. MOC funkcjonują w wielu rejonach mórz, przy czym większość z nich znajduje się w rejonach przybrzeżnych. Część MOC nie spełniło pokładanych w nich nadziei. Brak skuteczności MOC może wynikać z niewłaściwej lokalizacji, z oddziaływania niekontrolowalnych czynników zewnętrznych, z niewystarczającej znajomości ekologii akwenu otaczanego ochroną czy też z konfliktu między potrzebami ochrony a celami ekonomicznymi i społecznymi. W wielu przypadkach jednak MOC okazały się skutecznym narzędziem ochrony lub rewitalizacji ożywionych zasobów mórz. MOC, ustanowione i funkcjonujące w oparciu o uregulowania prawne i współpracę różnych grup użytkowników, mogą powstrzymać niszczenie siedlisk, złagodzić lokalne efekty przełowienia populacji ryb i wzmocnić odporność ekosystemów na globalne zmiany klimatyczne i wzrost populacji ludzkiej. Są one odpowiedzią na potrzebę zachowania bogactwa gatunków i ekosystemów morskich znajdujących się zarówno w bezpośrednim zasięgu społeczności nadmorskich, jak i bardzo odległych od wybrzeży, ale odczuwających skutki antropopresji.
Marine Protected Areas (MAP) are a form of marine ecosystem diversity conservation. Their role is to provide protection to rare and/or endangered species, protect entire particularly valuable communities and their habitats, serve as a reference in studies on changes of the marine environment, and yield potential benefits for fisheries. Although MPA have been established in various marine areas, most of them are situated in the near-shore zone. Some MPA have not lived up to expectations. Their failure could have resulted from unsuitable location, operation of uncontrollable external factors, inadequate knowledge on the ecology of an area granted protection, or from a conflict between conservation needs and economic and social goals of stakeholders in an area. However, in many cases MOC have proven to be an efficient tool in protection, conservation, and revitalisation of living marine resources. Established and functioning in a framework of an appropriate legal system and cooperation of various groups of users, MPA have a potential of preventing habitat degradation, ameliorating local effects of overfishing, and reinforcing the resistance of marine ecosystems to global climate changes and human population increase. MPA are an answer to the need for conserving the richness of marine species and ecosystems, both those exposed to direct effects of activities within the coastal zone and those that, although remote from the shore, are nevertheless affected by anthropognic pressure.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
243--252
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 36 poz., rys.
Twórcy
autor
- Zakład Paleooceanologii, Instytut Nauk o Morzu, Uniwersytet Szczeciński
autor
- Zakład Ekologii i Ochrony Morza, Akademia Rolnicza w Szczecinie
Bibliografia
- [1] Agardy T.: Marine Protected Areas and Ocean Conservation. Academic Press, Austin, Texas 1997
- [2] Allen R.B.: No-take reserves as a fishery management tool. W: Marine Protected Areas: Design and Implementation for Conservation and Fisheries Restoration. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 27-29 August 2001
- [3] Bohnsack J.A.: Marine reserves. They enhance fisheries, reduce conflicts, and protect resources. Oceanus, 36 (3), 1993
- [4] Carlton J.T.: The scale and ecological consequences of biological invasions in the World’s oceans. W: Viken, A., Schei, P.J., Sandlund, O.T. (red.): Invasive Species and Biodiversity Management. Kluwer, 195- 212, London 1999
- [5] Carlton J.T. Geller J.B.: Ecological roulette: The global transport of nonindigenous marine organisms. Science 261: 78-82, 1993
- [6] Cava F., Robinson J.H., Earle S.A.: Should the Arabian (Persian) Gulf become a marine sanctuary. Oceanus, 36 (3), 1993
- [7] Chatwin A., Stuart S.C., Brooks P., Alidina H., Laughren J.: Seascapes of the Gulf of Maine: Using GIS to develop a proposal for a regional network of MPAs and fully protected marine reserves. W: Marine Protected Areas: Design and Implementation for Conservation and Fisheries Restoration. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 27-29 August 2001
- [8] Christie P. White A., Deguit E.; Starting point or solution? Community-based marine protected areas in the Philippines. Journal of Environmental Management, 66: 441-454, 2001
- [9] Cowie-Haskell B., Iarocci A.: Building the Nation’s largest marine reserve: the story of the Tortugas Ecological Reserve. W: Marine Protected Areas: Design and Implementation for Conservation and Fisheries Restoration. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 27-29 August 2001
- [10] Dixon J.A.: Economic benefits of Marine Protected Areas. Oceanus, 36 (3), 1993
- [11] Drzycimski I.: The Stupsk Furrow as a Marine Protected Area in the Baltic. Oceanological Studies, 29: 33-42, 2000
- [12] Estes J.A., Harrold C.: Sea otters, sea urchins, and kelp beds: some questions of scale. W: VanBlaricom,G.R., Estes, J.A., (red.), The Community Ecology of Sea Otters. Springer, str.l 16-150, Berlin 1988
- [13] Fogarty M.J.: An introduction to the concept and application of Marine Protected Areas. W: Marine Protected Areas: Design and Implementation for Conservation and Fisheries Restoration. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 27-29 August 2001
- [14] Fogarty M.J., Murawski S.A.: Do Marine Protected Areas really work? Oceanus, 42 (2), 2005
- [15] Griffis R.: Building a national system of marine protected areas: challenges and opportunities. W: Marine Protected Areas: Design and Implementation for Conservation and Fisheries Restoration. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 27-29 August 2001
- [16] Hough J.L.: Financing marine protected areas: the role of the GEF. Parks, 8: 55-59, 1998
- [17] Howard P.J.: Fishery management aspects and experiences with MPA’s. W: Marine Protected Areas: Design and Implementation for Conservation and Fisheries Restoration. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 27-29 August 2001, 2001
- [18] Jackson J.B.C., Kirby M.X., Berger W.H., Bjorndal K.A., Botsford L.W., Bourgque B.J., Bradbury R.H., Cooke R., Erlandson J., Estes J.A., Hughes T.P., Kidwell S., Lange C.B., Lenihan H.S., Pandolfi J.M., Peterson C.H., Steneck R.S., Tegner M.J., Warner R.R.: Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science, 293: 629-638, 2001
- [19] Jameson S.D., Tupper M.H., Ridley J.M.: The three screen doors: can marine “protected” areas be effective? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44: 1177-1183,2002
- [20] Jansson K.: Alien species in the marine environment - introductions to the Baltic Sea and the Swedish west coast. Report 4357, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Solna, 1994
- [21] Kelleher G., Bleakley C., wells S.: A Global Representative System of Marine Protected Areas. The World Bank, Washington D.C. 1995
- [22] Lack M., Short K., Willock A.: Managing risk and uncertainty in deepsea fisheries: lessons from Orange Roughy. WWF/Traific Oceania. 2003
- [23] Lipcius R.N., Stockhausen W.T., Seitz R.D.: Life history, dispersal and MPAs for metapopulations of exploited invertebrates. W: Marine Protected Areas: Design and Implementation for Conservation and Fisheries Restoration. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 27-29 August 2001
- [24] Neubert M., Caswell H., Solow A.: Bioeconomic models and marine reserve design. W: Marine Protected Areas: Design and Implementation for Conservation and Fisheries Restoration. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 27-29 August 2001
- [25] Palumbi S.R.: Marine reserves: a tool for ecosystem management and conservation. Pew Oceans Commission, Arlington, Virginia 2002
- [26] Polunin N.V.X., Halim M.K., Kvalvagnaes K.: Bali Barat: an Indonesian marine protected area and its resources. Biological Conservation, 25: 171-191, 1983
- [27] Ruiz G.M., Carlton J.T., Grosholz E.D., Mines A.H.: Global invasions of marine and estuarine habitats by nonindigenous species: Mechanisms, extent, and consequences. American Zoologist, 37: 621-632, 1997
- [28] Russ G.R., Alcala A.C.: Marine reserves: rates and patterns of recovery and decline of large predatory fish. Ecological Applications, 6: 947- 961, 1996
- [29] Scholz A., Fujita R.: Social and economic implications of a Ch. Islands Marine Reserve network. W: Marine Protected Areas: Do and Implementation for Conservation and Fisheries Restoration. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 27-29 August 2001
- [30] Sobel J.: Conserving biological diversity through Marine Protected Areas: a global challenge. Oceanus, 36 (3), 1993
- [31] Stanek E., Netzel J.: Proponowane pełnomorskie obszary chronione w polskich wodach Bałtyku a rybołówstwo. Magazyn Przemysłu Rybnego 2(20): 11-15, 2001 a
- [32] Stanek E., Netzel J.: Proponowane pełnomorskie obszary chronione w polskich wodach Bałtyku a rybołówstwo. Magazyn Przemysłu Rybnego, 3(21): 21-24, 2001 b
- [33] Urbański J.A., Szymelfenig M.: GIS-based mapping of benthic habitats. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 56: 99-109, 2003
- [34] Walls K.: Leigh Marine Reserve, New Zealand. Parks, 8: 5-10, 1998
- [35] Ward T.J., Heinemann D., Evans N.: The role of marine reserves as fisheries management tools: A review of concepts, evidence and international experience. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra, Australia, 2001
- [36] Zibrovius H.: Ongoing modification of the Mediterranean fauna and flora by the establishment of exotic species. Mésogée, Bulletin de Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, 51: 83-107, 1991
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BAR0-0011-0053