Perspektywy zastosowania nanokryształów do otrzymywania materiałów kompozytowych o nowych właściwościach

• Autorzy: Pałosz B.

Warianty tytułu

EN

The perspectives of application of nanocrystals for obtaining novel composite materials

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

W obszernej literaturze dotyczącej kompozytów można doszukać się bardzo wielu definicji terminu "kompozyty", z których, w ocenie autora, przyjąć można bez zastrzeżeń tylko najprostszą: "(...) kompozyty są niejednorodną mieszaniną trwale połączonych jednorodnych faz (lub materiałów)" [1]. Liczne próby doskonalenia tej prostej definicji poprzez jej wyjaśnianie lub precyzowanie [2, 3] są niecelowe - im więcej dodanych wyjaśnień, tym gorzej dla definicji, która ma być stałym punktem odniesienia, a nie przedmiotem dyskusji. Uwaga ta wiąże się z próbą wyróżnienia kompozytów, w których znaczącą rolę mogą odgrywać nanokryształy, zatem "nano-kompozytów". Gdyby przyjąć niektóre z wyjaśnień proponowanych dla doprecyzowania definicji kompozytu, okaże się, że wiele materiałów nanokrystalicznych należałoby wykluczyć z grupy materiałów kompozytowych. Dla przykładu, dodanie stwierdzenia, iż "pomiędzy komponentami musi istnieć wyraźna granica rozdziału", prowadzi nieuchronnie do dyskusji (praktycznie: sporów) na temat metod, którymi "należy" obserwować owe granice rozdziału (mikroskopia optyczna, skaningowa, transmisyjna, sił atomowych etc.). Podobnie "doprecyzowanie" funkcji, jakie mają spełniać komponenty, czy też wyjaśnienie, że "właściwości kompozytu są funkcją właściwości komponentów i ich udziałów objętościowych" nie wnoszą niczego istotnego merytorycznie, mogą jedynie służyć do formalnego wykluczenia pewnych materiałów z grupy kompozytów. Intencją autora tego artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi środowiska naukowego badań materiałowych na niektóre cechy nanokryształów, które mogą być wykorzystane do projektowania i otrzymywania materiałów kompozytowych o nowych właściwościach. Termin "nanokryształ" nie jest zdefiniowany jednoznacznie, co prowadzi do nieporozumień co do zasadności stosowania tego terminu zarówno w literaturze naukowej, jak i w projektach i programach badawczych. W pracy omówiono wybrane cechy fizyczne wyróżniające nanokryształy spośród innych materiałów polikrystalicznych ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ich budowy atomowej. Przedyskutowano problemy badawcze, których rozwiązanie warunkuje rozwój nowych (nano-)technologii materiałowych, wykorzystujących w jak największym stopniu unikalne właściwości nanokryształów.

EN

In the vast literature on composite materials one can find a number of definitions of the term "composite". In the auther's opinion only the simplest one, i.e. "(...) composites are a nonhomogenous mixture of at least two permanently bound homogeneous phases (or materials)." [1], can be accepted without a doubt. Numerous attempts to improve this simple definition by its refinement or explanations [2, 3] results in its downgrading (the more additional comments, the less clear-cut the definition becomes), while the definition should serve as an unambiguous reference point and not as a subject of discussions. That conunent is to address particularly the attempts to group separately composites containing nanocrystals, thus "nano-composites". If we accepted some of the "refined" definitions of a composite we would have to admit that numerous nano-crystalline materials should be excluded from the class of composites. For example, an addition (to the definition of a composite) of a requirement that "there must exist a definite boundary between the components of a composite" leads to a discussion (more like a quarrel) on the methods that have to be used to observe the boundaries (optical microscope? SEM? TEM? AFM? ....?). Similarly, defining the function of the components or stating that "the properties of a composite are a function of the properties of its components and their content" does not explain anything and may only serve the purpose of excluding some materials from the class of composites. The intention of the author of this article is to turn the attention of the materials science community to some properties of nanocrystals which may be useful for obtaining composite materials with novel properties. The term "nanocrystal" itself is not unambiguously defined in the literature. That may lead to misunderstandings as to a justification of using this term both in the literature and in the research projects and programs. In this work we describe some selected physical properties specific to nanocrystals, with a particular reference to their atomic structure. We describe research problems that need to be solved to advance new (nano-)technologies which would take advantage of the unique properties of nanocrystals.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

nanokryształ; nanokompozyt; budowa atomowa; właściwości

EN

nanocrystals; nanocomposites; atomic structure; properties

• Wydawca: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Częstochowskiej
• Czasopismo: Kompozyty
• Rocznik: 2004
• Tom: R. 4, nr 9
• Strony: 16--27
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 77 poz., rys.

Twórcy

autor

Pałosz B.

• Centrum Badań Wysokociśnieniowych PAN, ul. Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warszawa

• Centrum Badań Wysokociśnieniowych PAN, ul. Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warszawa

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