Rentgenowska mikrotomografia komputerowa w badaniu skał węglanowych : praca zbiorowa

• Autorzy: Zalewska J. (red.)

Warianty tytułu

EN

X-ray computer microtomography in examination of carbonate rocks

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

W dziedzinie charakterystyki skał zbiornikowych, tomografia rentgenowska (CT) stała się interesującą techniką badawczą, po raz pierwszy zademonstrowaną przez Wellington'a i Vinegar'a [1987]. Od tego czasu światowy przemysł naftowy wykorzystuje metodę CT jako skuteczne narzędzie do analizowania rdzeni wiertniczych, zapewniające nieniszczący sposób badania skał i obrazowania ich budowy wewnętrznej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem charakteru struktury porowej. Rentgenowska mikrotomografia komputerowa generuje trójwymiarowy obraz przestrzeni porowej badanej próbki skały, co pozwala na dokładne pomiary i analizę układu przestrzennego porów. Na podstawie wyników badań micro-CT możemy uzyskać m.in. informacje dotyczące porowatości (objętość, struktura, lokalizacja, wielkość porów), liczby i długości kanalików porowych oraz połączeń między nimi, a także struktury sieci porów i ich wpływu na przepuszczalność. Celem opracowania było zaprezentowanie potencjału techniki badawczej micro-CT w dziedzinie badania skał zbiornikowych oraz ukazanie możliwości metody w różnych dyscyplinach nauk geologicznych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zastosowania jej do badania skał węglanowych. Praca składa się z ośmiu rozdziałów, w których omówiono podstawy fizyczne metody, sposób generowania trójwymiarowych obrazów, a także przygotowywanie ich do dalszej analizy. Przeprowadzono analizę własności zbiornikowych skał węglanowych z wykorzystaniem mikrotomografii rentgenowskiej. Badania wykonano na próbkach skał reprezentujących poziom dolomitu głównego z rejonu monokliny przedsudeckiej. Dla każdej z nich wyznaczono porowatość micro-CT, dystrybucję porów w objętości próbki oraz charakter sieci porowej w niej - z pełną analizą możliwości komunikowania się wydzielonych grup porów między sobą. Zaobserwowano, że próbki dolomitu głównego są zróżnicowane pod względem tekstury, struktury i charakteru porowatości, a dodatkowo charakteryzują się znacznym zaangażowaniem procesów diagenezy; szczególnie cementacji i dolomityzacji. Zbyt wiele zmiennych związanych z petrografią badanych skał spowodowało konieczność zastosowania bardzo schematycznego podziału mikrofacjalnego, uwzględniającego teksturę, stopień przeobrażenia oraz obserwowaną porowatość - wyróżniono 5 grup skał zbiornikowych. Wykonane analizy wskazują na znaczną użyteczność mikrotomografii rentgenowskiej dla określenia właściwości zbiornikowych skał węglanowych, pozwalając na jakościową i ilościową ocenę dystrybucji porów - opartą nie na jednostkowym pomiarze porowatości, ale na analizie obrazu 3D, wygenerowanego na podstawie trzech tysięcy radiogramów próbki z dokładnością równą rozdzielczości obrazu, czyli 1 woksela (= 216 mikro m3). Metodą micro-CT dokonano rekonstrukcji wizualizacji szczelin w przestrzeni 3D próbek, pokazując ich przebieg, szerokość i rozwartość. W ten sposób scharakteryzowano naturalne szczeliny występujące w 20 próbkach skał węglanowych, różniących się litologią i sklasyfikowanych jako: wapienie, wapienie dolomityczne i dolomity. Spośród tych trzech litologii, najlepsze parametry obrazowania posiadały szczeliny występujące w wapieniach, gdzie płaszczyzny były bardzo dobrze widoczne i zostały wyraźnie wyeksponowane. Otrzymane wyniki mają istotne znaczenie w ocenie i zrozumieniu geometrii porowej skał zbiornikowych, w aspekcie prawidłowej charakterystyki parametrów zbiornikowych, co może mieć znaczący wpływ na poprawność obliczeń zasobów złóż węglowodorów. Na podkreślenie zasługuje fakt, że lepsze walory obrazowania przestrzeni porowej ma metoda micro-CT - w porównaniu z możliwościami badawczymi metody mikroskopowej, która w przypadku większości próbek (12) nie wykazała występowania szczelin. Porównując wyniki badań uzyskanych metodą micro-CT i NMR stwierdzono, że obie metody należą do najbardziej skutecznych metod poznania złożonych własności petrofizycznych skał i każda z nich daje wyniki niemożliwe do uzyskania konwencjonalnymi metodami laboratoryjnymi, a komplementarne działanie tych metod może prowadzić do dokładniejszej charakterystyki parametrów zbiornikowych skał. W niniejszej pracy nakreślono także problem numerycznej symulacji przepływu płynu przez skałę na podstawie danych micro-CT. Omówiono podstawowe fizyczne równania przepływu płynu, metodykę wykonania modelu do obliczeń oraz pokazano wstępne wyniki. Na podstawie obliczonych wartości prędkości i powierzchni porów obliczono przepuszczalność analizowanych próbek i porównano ją z wynikami pomiaru przepuszczalności gazowej. Rezultaty uzyskane obydwiema metodami okazały się zbieżne. Zasygnalizowano także możliwość badania metodą mikrotomografii rentgenowskiej kanalików robaczkowych powstających w procesie kasowania próbek skał węglanowych. Wykonane badania umożliwiły przeprowadzenie szeregu obserwacji w zakresie efektywności działania kwasu - w szczególności na obrazach trójwymiarowych, przedstawionych w postaci filmów. W końcowej części opracowania przedstawiono niektóre z możliwości zastosowań metody mikrotomografii rentgenowskiej w przemyśle naftowym (według publikacji różnych autorów), które obecnie jeszcze nie są realizowane w INiG, a których tematyka wyznacza kierunki dalszych prac i zostanie podjęta w najbliższym czasie. Metoda mikrotomografii rentgenowskiej jest unikalną i atrakcyjną metodą badawczą, ale - mimo jej ogromnego potencjału - mało znaną i rzadko stosowaną w krajowym środowisku naukowym i przemysłowym (z wyłączeniem medycyny). Autorzy mają nadzieję, że poprzez zaprezentowanie możliwości stosowania tej metody w geologii naftowej i w innych dziedzinach nauki, treści zawarte w tej publikacji przybliżą osobom zawodowo trudniącym się poszukiwaniem i eksploatacją złóż węglowodorów tematykę analizowania obrazów micro-CT w aspekcie właściwości petrofizycznych skał.

EN

X-ray computer tomography (CT) has been found interesting testing technique within domain of reservoir rocks characterization, demonstrated for the first time by Wellington and Vinegar [1987]. The world oil industry employs the CT method since this time as effective tool for analyzing of core plugs, providing non-destructive rock testing method, displaying their internal structure, with particular consideration given to the pore structure nature. X-ray computed microtomography generates three-dimensional representation of examined rock sample pore space, which enables accurate measurements and analysis of spatial pore arrangement. Based on micro-CT examination results various information can be obtained, to include porosity (volume, structure, location, pore sizes), number and length of pore throats and connections between them, pore network structure, and their influence on permeability. The aim of the study was to present micro-CT examination technique in reservoir rocks examining domain, as well as presentation of the method capacities in various disciplines of geological sciences, with particular attention given to the carbonate rocks examination potential of the method. The work consists of eight chapters, covering physical grounds of the method, the way of three-dimensional pictures generation, as well as their preparation for further analysis. Analysis of carbonate rocks reservoir properties has been carried out by means of X-ray microtomography. The tests has been carried out on rock samples representing Main Dolomite horizon from region of the Fore-Sudetian Monocline. Micro-CT porosity, pore distribution within the sample volume and pore network nature have been determined for each of them, with full analysis of separated pore groups intercommunication possibility. It was noticed, that Main Dolomite samples are diversified as regards texture, structure, porosity nature, and additionally they are characterized with significant advance of diagenesis processes, especially cementation and dolomitization. Too many variables, connected with petrography of examined rocks resulted in necessity of very schematic microfacial division use, taking into account the texture, degree of rocks alteration and observed porosity - 5 groups of reservoir rocks have been discerned. Completed analyses indicate significant usability of X-ray computed microtomography for carbonate rocks reservoir properties determination. It enable qualitative and quantitative assessment of pore distribution based not on the single porosity measurement, but on the analysis of 3D representation generated on the grounds of three thousand radiograms of the sample with accuracy equalling to the image resolution, that is 1 voxel (= 216 micro m3). Reconstruction of fissures visualization within 3D space of samples has been done by means of micro-CT method, showing their course, width and aperture. In such manner the natural fissures occurring in 20 samples of carbonate rocks, having different lithologies and classified as limestones, dolostones and dolomites, have been characterized. From among of these three lithologies, the fractures present in limestones had the best representation parameters, where the fracture planes had very good visibility and have been clearly exhibited. The results obtained have very significant importance for assessment and understanding of reservoir rocks pore geometry in aspect of proper reservoir parameters characterization, which may have meaningful influence on the correctness of hydrocarbon reservoir reserves computations. It is worth to emphasize, that micro-CT method has better pore space representation features as compared to microscope method examination possibilities, which in most of the samples (12) did not reveal fissures occurrence. Comparison of micro-CT and NMR method examination results led to conclusion, that both the methods are one of the most effective ways of complex petrophysical rock properties learning. Each of them yields results that are impossible to obtain by means of conventional laboratory methods. Their complementary action may lead to more correct characterization of reservoir rocks parameters. The problem of numerical simulation of fluid flow through a rock on the grounds of micro-CT data has been outlined. Basic physical equations of fluid flow, method of computational model creation and initial results obtained have also been shown. On the grounds of calculated velocity and pore surface area values, permeability of examined samples was calculated and compared with gas permeability measurement results. The results obtained by means of both methods proved to be convergent. Examination possibility of worm channels generated in process of carbonate rock samples acidizing with X-ray computed microtomography method was signaled. The completed test enabled execution of several observations in scope of acid action effectiveness, in particular on three-dimensional images presented in the form of motion pictures. In the final part of the study, some of X-ray computed microtomography applications within oil industry have been presented on the grounds of various authors' publications, which are not realized in INiG yet, but which subject area determines directions of further works and will be undertaken in the near future. The X-ray microtomography method is unique and attractive research method, which - despite its huge potential - is not widely known and applied in domestic scientific and industrial environment (excluding medicine domain). The authors hope, that by presentation of the method utilization possibilities within both oil geology, and another science domains, the subjects contained in this publication will enable closer acquaint of micro-CT images analyses subject area in aspect of petrophysical rock properties to persons which undertake hydrocarbon reservoirs prospection and exploitation by profession.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

mikrotomografia rentgenowska; skały węglanowe

EN

microtomography; X-ray microtomography; carbonate rocks

• Wydawca: Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Prace Naukowe Instytutu Nafty i Gazu
• Rocznik: 2010
• Tom: nr 171
• Strony: 1--263
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. przy rozdz., rys., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Zalewska J. (red.)

• Instytut Nafty i Gazu

Bibliografia

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• Rozdział III: Zalewska J., Kaczmarczyk J., Sikora G.: Trójwymiarowa wizualizacja szczelin metodą mikrotomografii rentgenowskiej
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• Rozdział IV: Zalewska J., Dohnalik M., Cebulski D.: Porównanie przestrzeni porowej skał węglanowych w oparciu o dane mikrotomografii rentgenowskiej (micro-CT) i jądrowego rezonansu magnetycznego (NMR)
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• Rozdział V: Kaczmarczyk J.: Symulacja przepływu płynów przez skałę na podstawie danych micro-CT
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• Rozdział VI: Zalewska J., Dohnalik M., Kaczmarczyk J., Masłowski M., Biały E.: Badanie kanalików robaczkowych wywołanych zabiegiem kwasowania w próbkach skał węglanowych przy wykorzystaniu micro-CT
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• Rozdział VII: Zalewska J.: Przykłady zastosowań mikrotomografii rentgenowskiej w przemyśle naftowym
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• Rozdział VIII: Zalewska J., Dohnalik M., Kaczmarczyk J.: Inne zastosowania mikrotomografii rentgenowskiej oraz ciekawostki literaturowe i własne
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