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Methane emission from natural gas distribution network
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Abstrakty
W artykule przedstawiono przesłanki powodujące zaangażowanie przemysłu gazowniczego w działania na rzecz inwentaryzacji i redukcji emisji metanu oraz omówiono problemy związane z oszacowaniem emisji z sieci rozdzielczej gazu ziemnego. Podano tabelaryczne zestawienie wartości współczynników emisji, wyznaczonych w różnych krajach oraz rekomendowanych przez Międzynarodowy Zespół ds. Zmian Klimatu i Międzynarodową Unię Przemysłu Gazowniczego. Opisano kolejne etapy prowadzenia inwentaryzacji, a w szczególności metodykę pomiarową oraz zilustrowano skutki prowadzenia inwentaryzacji na podstawie danych literaturowych, nie zweryfikowanych w wyniku pomiarów własnych. Wymieniono metody stosowane w celu redukcji emisji i skomentowano korzyści wynikające z aktywności przedsiębiorstw dystrybucyjnych na tym polu.
In the paper reasons of natural gas industry involvement in inventory and reduction of methane emission were presented and problems connected with emission assessment from gas distribution network were discussed. Emission coefficient values for distribution network, pipelines, services and gas stations used in different countries were listed as well as the ones recommended by Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change and by International Gas Union. The consecutive inventory steps and emission measurement methods were described. The effects of use of emission coefficient literature values not verified by own measurements were illustrated. Ways to emission reduction were pointed out and the benefits from this activity were commentated.
Słowa kluczowe
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
412--423
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 25 poz., tab.
Twórcy
Bibliografia
- [1] Background Papers IPCC Export Meetings on Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, WMO, IPCC, UNEP, IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme (IPCC-NGGIP), OECD, 2002
- [2] Campbell L.M., Harison M.R.: Extrapolation Techniques for Estimating Methane Emissions from U.S. Natural Gas Industry. 1994 International Workshop: Environmental and Economic Impacts of Natural gas Losses, Prague, Czech Republic, March 22-24, 1994.
- [3] Feldmann R., Andersen A.: Controlling Lost and Unaccounted For Gas In Distribution Systems. Pipeline & Gas Journal, p. 21, July 2000.
- [4] Harrison M.R., Shires T., Wessels J.K., Cowgill R.M.: Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry. Volume I: Executive Summary, EPA-600/R-96-080a, June 1996.
- [5] Lott R.A.: Methane Emissions from U.S. Natural Gas Operations. 19th World Gas Conference, IGU/D4-94, Milan, 20-23 June 1994.
- [6] Lott R.A.: Estimate of Methane Emissions from U.S. Natural Gas Operations, International Workshop on Environmental and Economic Impacts of natural Gas Losses. Prague, Czech Republic, March 22-24, 1994.
- [7] Lott R.A., Picard D.J.: Certifying Reductions of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Natural Gas Facilities. International Gas Research Conference (1GRC), Amsterdam 2001.
- [8] Mayerhofer P., Krewitt W., Friedrich R.: EXTERNE Core Project Extension of the Accounting Framework Final Report. Institute of Energy Economics and the Rational Use of Energy (IER), December 1997.
- [9] McMillan L.W., Henderson C.: Cost-effectively reduce emissions for natural gas processing. Hydrocarbon Processing, p. 75, October 1999.
- [10] Phillipes M., Lott R.: Emission Reduction Can Be Cost Effective. Pipeline & Gas Journal, October 1999.
- [11 ] Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation. Vol. IV: Mobile Sources, EPA - 450/4-81-026d, US EPA, 1992.
- [12] Rabchuk V.I., Ilkevich N.I., Kononow Y.D.: A Study of Methane Leakage in the Soviet Natural Gas Supply System; prepared for the Battele Pacific Northwest Laboratory. Siberian Energy Institute, Irkutsk 1991.
- [13] Reichert J., Schon M., Behnke L.: Methanemissionen durch den Einsatz von Gas in Deutschland von 1990 bis 1997 mit einena Ausolick auf 2010. Fraunhofer - Institut Fur Systemtechnik und Innovationsforschung (ISI), Karlsruhe, Mai 2000.
- [14] Report of Study Group 8.1 „Methane Emissions Caused by the Gas Industry World – Wide”, 21st World Gas Conference, Nice, France, June 6-9, 2000.
- [15] Report of WOC8 Study Group 8.3 „Methane Emissions”, 22nd World Gas Conference, Tokyo, Japan, June 1-5, 2003.
- [16] Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IPCC/OECD/IEA Programme on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 1996.
- [17] Rose C.: Establishing the level of Methane Leakage from the British Gas Distribution System. 19th World Gas Conference, IGU/DS-94, Milan, 20-23 June, 1994.
- [18] Schneider-Fresenius W., Hintz R.A., Hoffmann-Meidenbrock U., Klopffer W., Wittekind J.: Determination of Methane Emission in to Atmosphere due to Losses in Natural gas Supply System of the Federal Republic of Germany - Contribution of Methane to the Global Greenhouse Effect. Battelle - Institute, Frankfurt, Germany 1996.
- [19] Solis J.M., Barroso J., Ballester J., Pina A., Mora J.A.: Evaluation of Methane Emissions from the Spanish Gas Distribution System. 23ra World Gas Conference, Amsterdam 2006.
- [20] Steczko K., Rachwalski J., Froński A.: Inventory of Methane Emissions from Gas Industry - The Problem Solved or Still Opened? 22nd World Gas Conference, Tokyo, Japan, June 1-5, 2003.
- [21 ] Vorgang J.: Decreasing Methane Emissions caused by the use of gas in Germany. Presentation for the international work- shop „Gas and environment”, Bratislava, Slovak Republic 23-24.09.2002.
- [22] Wikkering J.B.W.: Improvement in the Determination of Methane Emissions from Gas Distribution in the Netherlands. 23rd World Gas Conference, Amsterdam 2006.
- [23] Zwoliński M.: Czy opłaca się zainwestować w dywanową kontrolę szczelności sieci gazowych. Nowoczesne Gazownictwo nr 3 (2), 1997.
- [24] 1995 Air Emission Inventory of the Canadian Natural Gas Industry, Radian International LLC, Calgary, Alberta 1997.
- [25] 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Japan 2006.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-AGH5-0011-0087