Production of alternative fuels and valuable chemicals from plastic waste

• Autorzy: Kotowicz Janusz , Niesporek Kamil , Baszczeńska Oliwia , Brzęczek Mateusz

Warianty tytułu

PL

Produkcja paliw alternatywnych i cennych chemikaliów z odpadów plastikowych

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Plastics, due to their organic decomposition capability, pose a significant threat to the natural environment. Microand nanoparticles of plastic infiltrate the air, aquatic ecosystems, and the food chain, poisoning living organisms. One of the most commonly used plastics is polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which accounts for 6.20% of the global synthetic polymer production. In recent years, interest in chemical recycling has increased as an alternative to traditional PET waste disposal methods. Polyethylene terephthalate can be broken down through hydrolysis into ethylene glycol (EG), which can then be converted into glycolic acid (GA) through further catalytic processes. The article presents the challenges associated with managing PET waste, with a review of the latest research on the chemical recycling of this material, particularly focusing on the conversion pathway PET → EG → GA. Additionally, the concept developed within the PHOENIX project is presented, which involves transforming PET into GA while simultaneously producing propanol from CO􀬶, which can be used as fuel in diesel engines.

PL

Tworzywa sztuczne ze względu na ich organiczną zdolność do rozkładu stanowią poważne zagrożenie dla środowiska naturalnego. Mikro- i nanocząsteczki plastiku przenikają do powietrza, ekosystemów wodnych oraz łańcucha pokarmowego, zatruwając organizmy żywe. Jednym z najczęściej stosowanych tworzyw sztucznych jest politereftalan etylenu (PET), którego udział W globalnej strukturze produkcji polimerów syntetycznych wynosi 6,20%. W ostatnich latach wzrosło zainteresowanie recyklingiem chemicznym jako alternatywą dla tradycyjnych metod utylizacji odpadów PET. Politereftalan etylenu może być rozkładany poprzez proces hydrolizy do glikolu etylenowego (EG), który następnie może zostać przekształcony w kwas glikolowy (GA) w dalszych procesach katalitycznych. W artykule przedstawiono wyzwania związane z zagospodarowaniem odpadów PET, z przeglądem najnowszych badań nad chemicznym recyklingiem tego materiału, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem konwersji na ścieżce PET —-› EG ——-> GA. Dodatkowo została przedstawiona również koncepcja realizowana w ramach projektu PHOENIX, która zakłada transformacje PET do GA z jednoczesną produkcją propanolu z C02, który może być wykorzystywany jako paliwo w silnikach diesla.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

PET; ethylene glycol; glycolic acid; propanol; chemical recycling

PL

PET; recykling chemiczny; glikol etylenowy; kwas glikolowy; propanol

• Wydawca: KAPRINT
• Czasopismo: Rynek Energii
• Rocznik: 2025
• Tom: Nr 1
• Strony: 64--70
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 32 poz., fig., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Kotowicz Janusz

• Politechnika Śląska w Gliwicach

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1348-3537

autor

Niesporek Kamil

• Politechnika Śląska w Gliwicach

autor

Baszczeńska Oliwia

• Politechnika Śląska w Gliwicach

• https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6322-6638

autor

Brzęczek Mateusz

• Politechnika Śląska w Gliwicach

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5354-3741

Bibliografia

• [1] “Global Plastics Outlook : Policy Scenarios to 2060 ] OECD iLibrary.” Accessed: Oct. 08, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/global-plastics-outlook_aa1edf33-en
• [2] “Plastics -— the fast Facts 2023 › Plastics Europe.” Accessed: Oct. 07, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://plasticseurope.org/knowledge-hub/plastics-the-fast-facts—2023/
• [3] Y. Li, L. Tao, Q. Wang, F. Wang, G. Li, and M. Song, “Potential Health Impact of Microplastics: A Review of Environmental Distribution, Human Exposure, and Toxic Effects,” Environment and Health, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 249—257, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.102l/ENVHEALTH.3C00052/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/EH3C00052_0002.JPEG.
• [4] “Microplastics are everywhere —— we need to understand how they affect human health,” Nature Medicine 2024 30:4, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 913—913, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-02968-X.
• [5] A. Thacharodi et al., “Mitigating microplastic pollution: A critical review on the effects, remediation, and utilization strategies of microplastics,” J Environ Manage, vol. 351, p. 119988, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2023.119988.
• [6] T. Biswas and S. C. Pal, “Emerging threats of microplastics on marine environment: A critical review of toxicity measurement, policy practice gap and future research direction,” J Clean Prod, vol. 434, p. 139941, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2023.139941.
• [7] T. Biswas and S. C. Pal, “Emerging threats of microplastics on marine environment: A critical review of toxicity measurement, policy practice gap and future research direction,” J Clean Prod, vol. 434, p. 139941, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2023.139941.
• [8] T. Ren et al., “Recycling and high-value utilization of polyethylene terephthalate wastes: A review,” Environ Res, vol. 249, p. 118428, May 2024, doi: 10.1016/J.ENVRES.2024.118428.
• [9] T. Ren et al., “Recycling and high-value utilization of polyethylene terephthalate wastes: A review,” Environ Res, vol. 249, p. 118428, May 2024, doi: 10.1016/J.ENVRES.2024.118428. “Recykling odpadów z tworzyw sztucznych W UE: fakty i liczby | Tematy l Parlament Europej ski.” Accessed: Oct. 13, 2024. [Online]. Available: https ://www. europarl. europa.eu/topics/pl/article/ZO1 81212STO21 6 l O/recykling-odpadow-z-tworzyw- sztucznych-w-ue-fakty-i-liczby
• [10] C. Duan, Z. Wang, B. Zhou, and X. Yao, “Global Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Plastic Supply Chain Resource Metabolism Efficiency and Carbon Emissions Co-Reduction Strategies,” Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 16, no. 10, p 3926, May 2024, doi: 10.3390/SU16103926/S1.
• [11] R Nistico, “Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 111 the packaging industry,” Polym Test, vol. 90, p. 106707, Oct. 2020, doi: 10. 1016/J. POLYMERTESTING 2020.106707.
• [12] X. Liang et al., “Photo- and electrochemical processes to convert plastic waste into fuels and high-value chemicals,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 482, p. 148827, Feb. 2024, doi:10.1016/J.CEJ.2024.148827.
• [13] I. U. Usman and M. Kunlin, “Influence of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) utilization on the engineering properties of asphalt mixtures: A review,” Constr Build Mater, vol. 411, p. 134439, Jan. 2024, doi: 10. 1016/J.CONBUTLDMAT2023. 134439.
• [14] H. Zhou et al., “Plastic Waste Valorization by Leveraging Multidisciplinary Catalytic Technologies,” ACS Catal, vol. 12, no. 15, pp. 9307—9324, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.102l/ACSCATAL.2C02775/ASSET/IMAGES/MEDIUM/CS2C02775_0009.GIF.
• [15] T. Muringayil Joseph et al. , “Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) recycling: A review,” Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, vol. 9, p. 100673, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.1016/J.CSCEE.2024.100673.
• [16] F. Cao, L. Wang, R. Zheng, L. Guo, Y. Chen, and X. Qian, “Research and progress of chemical depolymerization of waste PET and hi gh-value application of its depolymerization products,” RSC Adv, vol. 12, no. 49, pp. 31564—31576, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1039/D2RA06499E.
• [17] “Jakie jest zastosowanie kwasu tereftalowego - Wiedza - Shaanxi BLOOM Tech Co., Ltd.” Accessed: Oct. 11, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://pl.bloomtechz.com/info/what-is-the-use-of—terephthalic-acid- 74159232.html
• [18] Glikol etylenowy - ORLEN.” Accessed: Oct. 11, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.orlen.pl/p1/dla- biznesu/pro dukty/produkty-petrochemiczne/glikole/glikol-etylenowy
• [19] “Propanol Market Size, Share, Trends & Growth Report, 2030.” Accessed: Oct. 18, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www. grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/propanol-market
• [20] A. Jamrozik, W. Tutak, and K. Grab—rogaliński, “Effects of Propanol on the Performance and Emissions of a Dual-Fuel Industrial Diesel Engine,” Applied Sciences 2022, Vol. 12, Page 5674, vol. 12, no. 11, p. 5674, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.3390/APP12115674.
• [21] J. Kotowicz and K. Niesporek, ”Bezpośredni wychwyt dwutlenku wegla z powietrza- Aktualny stan i kierunek badań,” Rynek Energii, no. 4, pp. 45—51, 2023
• [22] Co to jest kwas glikolowy i jakie ma właściwości? — Portal Produktowy Grupy PCC.” Accessed: Oct. 11, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://Www.products.pcc.eu/pl/blog/co-t0-jest-kwas-glikolowy-i-jakie—ma- wlasciwosci/
• [23] X. Zhou et al. , “Glycolic Acid Production from Ethylene Glycol via Sustainable Biomass Energy: Integrated Conceptual Process Design and Comparative Techno—economic-Society-Environment Analysis,” ACS Sustain Chem Eng, vol. 9, no. 32, pp. 10948—10962, Aug. 2021, doi: 10. 102 l/ACSSUSCHEMENG. 1C03717/SUPPL_F1LE/SC1C03717_SI_001 .PDF.
• [24] „Glycolic Acid Production from Ethylene Glycol via Sustainable Biomass Energy: Integrated Conceptual Process Design and Comparative Techno—economic-Society-Environment Analysis,” ACS Sustain Chem Eng, vol. 9, no. 32, pp. 10948—10962, Aug. 2021, doi: 10. 102 l/ACSSUSCHEMENG. 1C03717/SUPPL_F1LE/SC1C03717_SI_001 .PDF.
• [25] G. Wei, X. Yang, W. Zhou, J. Lin, and D. Wei, “Adsorptive bioconversion of ethylene glycol to glycolic acid by Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2003,” Biochem Eng J, vol. 47, no. 1—3, pp. 127—131, Dec. 2009, doi: 10.1016/J.BEJ.2009.07.016.
• [26] J. Wang, X. Li, T. Zhang, X. Qian, T. Wang, and Y. Zhao, “Rational design of photo—~ /electro—catalytic systems for the transformation of plastic wastes,” App] Catal B, vol. 332, p. 122744, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1016/J.APCATB.2023.122744.
• [27] D. Si, B. Xiong, L. Chen, and J. Shi, “Highly selective and efficient electrocatalytic synthesis of glycolicacid in coupling with hydrogen evolution,” Chem Catalysis, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 941—955, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1016/J.CHECAT.2021.08.001.
• [28] F. Liu, X. Gao, R. Shi, Z. Guo, E. C. M. Tse, and Y. Chen, “Concerted and Selective Electrooxidation of Polyethylene—Terephthalate-Derived Alcohol to Glycolic Acid at an Industry-Level Current Density over a Pd-Ni(OH)2 Catalyst,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 62, no. 11, p. e202300094, Mar. 2023, doi: lO.lOO2/AN1E-202300094.
• [29] K. Deng et al., “Lattice Strain and Charge Redistribution of Pt Cluster/Ir Metallene Heterostructure for Ethylene Glycol to Glycolic Acid Conversion Coupled with Hydrogen Production,” Small, vol. 20, no. l, p. 2305000, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1002/SMLL.202305000.
• [30] T. Ren et al. , “Electrochemical Co-Production of Ammonia and Biodegradable Polymer Monomer Glycolic Acid via the Co-Electrolysis of Nitrate Wastewater and Waste Plastic,” ACS Catal, vol. 13, no. 15, pp. 10394—10404, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.102l/ACSCATAL.3C02740/SUPPL_F[LE/CS3C02740_SI_001.PDF
• [31] S. Bhattacharjee et al., “Reforming of Soluble Biomass and Plastic Derived Waste Using a Bias—Free Cu30Pd70|PerovskitelPt Photoelectrochemical Device,” Adv F anet Mater, vol. 32, no. 7, p. 2109313, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1002/ADFM202109313.
• [32] S. Bhattacharjee et al., “Photoelectrochemical COZ-to-fuel conversion with simultaneous plastic reforming,” Nature Synthesis 2023 2:2, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 182—192, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1038/544160-022-00196-0.

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa nr POPUL/SP/0154/2024/02 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki II" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki (2025).