Physico-Chemical and Biological Characteristics of the Oum Er Rbia Estuary (North Atlantic Moroccan Coast) – Impact of Urban Wastewater

• Autorzy: Bengriche Rachida , Bouchafra El Mostafa , Chaouite Jamila , Nafia Mohammed , Moncef Mohammed

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.12911/22998993/169919

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

This study aimed to monitor abiotic factors at three stations in the Oum Er Rbia estuary, not far from the mouth. The stations were situated upstream (S1), in front (S2) and downstream (S3) from the discharge of urban wastewater from the town of Azemmour, which is discharged directly without treatment near the estuary mouth. The selection of these stations appeared appropriate to assessing the quality of the waters, which are influenced by both marine hydrodynamics resulting from very low freshwater inflows and sewage discharges. Monitoring of several parameters, including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, salinity, turbidity, as well as the content of chlorophyll α and pheopigments, enabled the examination of the impact of marine hydrodynamics and the and the specific characteristics of the three surveyed stations. The analyses were performed using R software version 4.2.0. The results obtained indicate that the studied physico-chemical and biological parameters exhibited variations with significant correlations. Statistical approaches allowed the determination of profiles for stations S1, S2 and S3. It is evident that S1 (located slightly far from the discharge) showed a profile that tended to differ from the other two stations, S2 and S3, especially for certain parameters (temperature, pH, turbidity, and chlorophyll a). On the other hand, all stations were impacted to some extent by the discharge of wastewater during rising tides. The present study can serve as an assessment tool to support decision-making regarding the physico-chemical quality of the waters of the Oum Er Rbia estuary.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Oum Er Rbia estuary; Moroccan North Atlantic coast; physico-chemical parameters; biological parameters; urban wastewater; marine hydrodynamics; impact

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej ; Lublin University of Technology
• Czasopismo: Journal of Ecological Engineering
• Rocznik: 2024
• Tom: Vol. 25, nr 1
• Strony: 1--16
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 33 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Bengriche Rachida

• Laboratory of Environmental Study and Analysis, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, BP 20, 24000 El Jadida, Morocco

• https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0764-4145

autor

Bouchafra El Mostafa

• Laboratory of Environmental Study and Analysis, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, BP 20, 24000 El Jadida, Morocco

• https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4739-998X

autor

Chaouite Jamila

• Laboratory of Environmental Study and Analysis, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, BP 20, 24000 El Jadida, Morocco

• https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3690-252X

autor

Nafia Mohammed

• Laboratory of Environmental Study and Analysis, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, BP 20, 24000 El Jadida, Morocco

autor

Moncef Mohammed

• Laboratory of Environmental Study and Analysis, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, BP 20, 24000 El Jadida, Morocco

• https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3369-6425

Bibliografia

• 1. Aknaf A., Akodad M., Layachi M., El Madani F., Jaddar A., Mesfioui A., Baghour M. 2017. Study of the spatial and temporal variation of physical-chemical parameters characterizing the quality of surface waters of the lagoon Marchica–North-East Morocco. Journal of Materials and Environmental Sciences, 8(9), 3216–3225.
• 2. Al Goh S., Lakhdar F., Benhniya B., Amine J., Assobhei O., Etahiri S. 2022. Spatial and temporal variation of physico-chemical parameters of water and its impact on algal distribution in the Oualidia lagoon (Atlantic coast of Morocco). Regional Studies in Marine Science, 52, 102326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2022.102326
• 3. Arnold J.B., Daroczi G., Werth B., Weitzner B., Kunst J., Auguie B., Rudis B. (Code from the ggplot2, package), J.T. (Code from the labeling, & London, J. 2021. ggthemes : Extra Themes, Scales and Geoms for «ggplot2» (4.2.4). https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggthemes/index.html
• 4. Asfers Y., Taouil H., Hanafi H., Elanza S., Ibn Ahmed S., Aboulouafa M. 2017. Study of the sediments metallic contamination in Oum Er-Rbia Estuary. Journal of Applied Chemistry, 10(1), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.9790/5736-1001016775
• 5. Auguie, B., Antonov, A. (2017). gridExtra : Miscellaneous Functions for «Grid» Graphics. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/gridExtra/index.html
• 6. Benabdallaoui Y., Chlaida M., Zabari, M. 2001. Impact des aménagements hydrauliques sur la qualité des eaux et des sédiments au niveau de l’estuaire de l’Oued Oum Er Rbia (Côte Atlantique, Maroc). Bulletin de l’Institut Scientifique, 23, 71–76.
• 7. Benabdellouahad S. 2006. Structure, dynamique et typologies physico-chimiques et phytoplanctoniques de l’estuaire du Bou Regreg (Côte Atlantique Marocaine). Thèse de doctorat, Université Mohammed V- Faculté des Sciences Agdal, Rabat, Maroc.
• 8. Bengriche R., Bouchafra E.M., Chaouite J., Moncef M. 2023. Efflorescence of the Potentially Harmful Dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans in the Oum Er Rbia Estuary – North Atlantic Moroccan Coasts. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, 24(6), 250–256. https://doi.org/10.12912/27197050/168092
• 9. Chafik A., Kaimoussi A., Mouzdahir A., Bakkas, S. 2000. Les métaux lourds dans les sédiments superficiels de la côte littorale de la région d’El Jadida et de l’estuaire d’Oum R’bia (MAROC). Bulletin de l’Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer (INSTM). https://aquadocs.org/handle/1834/4290
• 10. Cheggour M., Chafik A., Fisher N.S., Benbrahim S. 2005. Metal concentrations in sediments and clams in four Moroccan estuaries. Marine Environmental Research, 59(2), 119–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.04.002
• 11. Chouti W., Chitou N., Kèlomè N., Kpako B., Vlavonou D., Tossou M. 2017. Caractérisation physico-chimique et étude de la toxicité de la agune côtière, de Togbin à Grand-Popo (Sud-Ouest Bénin). European Scientific Journal, 13. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n27p131
• 12. El Jakani M., Ettazarini S., Rhinane H., Raji M., Radid M., Talbi M. 2019. Impact of anthropogenic facilities on the morphodynamic evolution of an estuarine system: The case of Oum Er-Rbia Estuary (Azemmour, Morocco). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7(8), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7080248
• 13. El Khalki A. 2000. Etude du peuplement de copépodes pélagique de l’estuaire de l’Oum Er Rbia: Succession saisonnière, dynamiques des populations, migration nycthémérale et impact de la pollution. Thèse de Doctorat. Université Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida, Maroc.
• 14. El Khalki A., & Moncef M. 2007. Etude du peuplement de copépodes de l’estuaire de l’Oum Er Rbia (Côte Atlantique du Maroc): Effets des marées et des lâchers de Barrages. Lebanese Sciences journal, 8, 3–18.
• 15. El Morhit M., Fekhaoui M., Serghini A., Blidi S. et al. 2008. Impact de l’aménagement hydraulique sur la qualité des eaux et des sédiments de l’estuaire du Loukkos (côte atlantique, Maroc). Bulletin de l’Institut Scientifique, Rabat, 30, 39-47.
• 16. Galili T., O’Callaghan A., Sidi J., Sievert C. 2018. heatmaply : An R package for creating interactive cluster heatmaps for online publishing. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England), 34(9), 1600–1602. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btx657
• 17. Izougarhane M., Mansouri D., Ibaoui H.E., Chakiri S., Fadli M. 2016. Physico-chimie et teneurs metalliques des eaux de l’estuaire de l’Oued Sebou durant des années de dragage du sable/ 2007, 2014, 2015, 2016. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 12 (30), 127–127. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n30p127
• 18. Joulami L., Daief Z., Elmalki S., El Hamoumi R. 2013. Variation spatio-temporelle des caracteristiques physico-chimiques et la qualite des eaux et des sédiments d’une lagune cotiere marocaine (Sidi Moussa-El Jadida). ScienceLib Editions Mersenne, 5.
• 19. Kaimoussi A., Mouzdahir A., Bakkas S., Chafik A. 1998. Contribution à l’étude de la pollution métallique de l’estuaire d’Oum Er Rbia à Azemmour (Maroc). Bulletin de l’Institut Scientifique, Rabat, 1997(21), 95–102.
• 20. Kassambara, A. 2023. ggpubr: «ggplot2» based publication ready plots (0.6.0). https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggpubr
• 21. Kassambara A. 2020. FactoMineR: Analyse en Composantes Principales (ACP). http://factominer.free.fr/factomethods/analyse-en-composantes-principales.html
• 22. Labbardi H., Ettahiri O., Lazar S., Massik Z., El Antri S. 2005. Etude de la variation spatio-temporelle des paramètres physico-chimiques caractérisant la qualité des eaux d’une lagune côtière et ses zonations écologiques: Cas de Moulay Bousselham, Maroc. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 337(5), 505–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2005.01.009
• 23. Lê S., Josse J., Husson F. 2008. FactoMineR: An R Package for Multivariate Analysis. Journal of Statistical Software, 25(1), 1–18.
• 24. Lorenzen C., J. 1967. Determination of chlorophyll and pheo-pigments: Spectrophotometric equations. Limnol. Oceanogr., 12, 343–346. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1572824498994046080
• 25. Mhammdi N., Achab M., Hamoumi N., Azza A. 2005. Les sables titanifères du littoral d’Azemmour et de l’estuaire de l’Oum Er-Rbia (Côte atlantique marocaine) : Sédimentologie et potentiel d’exploitation. Bulletin de l’Institut Scientifique, 27, 83–91.
• 26. R Core Team 2020. European Environment Agency. (s.d.). https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/oxygen-consuming-substances-in-rivers/r-development-core-team-2006
• 27. Schloerke, B., Cook, D., Larmarange, J., Briatte, F., Marbach, M., Thoen, E., Elberg, A., Toomet, O., Crowley, J., Hofmann, H. 2021. GGally : Extension to’ggplot2’.
• 28. Serbout R. 2001. Le bassin versant de l’oued Oum er Rébia en amont de Déchra el Oued (moyen-Atlas) : Contribution à l’étude des phénomènes hydro-climatiques : Thèse de doctorat, Nice, France. https://www.theses.fr/2001NICE2043
• 29. Team D. 2017. R Lattice Package | A must-learn concept for all R programmers. DataFlair. https://data-flair.training/blogs/r-lattice-package/
• 30. Wickham H. 2016. Amazon.fr-Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis-Wickham, Hadley-Livres. https://www.amazon.fr/ggplot2-Elegant-Graphics-Data-Analysis/dp/331924275X
• 31. Wickham H. (2020). reshape2 : Flexibly Reshape Data: A Reboot of the Reshape Package (1.4.4)https://cran.rproject.org/web/packages/reshape2/index.html
• 32. Wickham H., Averick M., Bryan J., Chang W., Mc-Gowan L.D., François R., Grolemund G., Hayes A., Henry L., Hester J., Kuhn M., Pedersen T.L., Miller E., Bache S.M., Müller K., Ooms J., Robinson D. et al. 2019. Welcome to the tidyverse. Journal of Open Source Software, 4(43), 1686. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686
• 33. Winkler L.W. (1888). Die Bestimmung des im Wasser gelösten Sauerstoffes. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 21(2), 2843-2854. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.188802102122

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2024).