Pola i promieniowanie elektromagnetyczne z zakresu częstotliwości 0 Hz -H 300 GHz : dokumentacja proponowanych znowelizowanych wartości dopuszczalnych ekspozycji zawodowej

• Autorzy: Korniewicz H. , Karpowicz J. , Gryz K. , Aniołczyk H. , Zmyślony M. , Kubacki R.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Electromagnetic fields and radiation in the frequency range of 0 Hz + 300 GHz : documentation of a draft amendment of maximal admissible values of occupational exposure

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Do najczęściej występujących źródeł pól elektromagnetycznych należą elektroenergetyczne urządzenia przesyłowo-rozdzielcze, radiowe i telewizyjne stacje nadawcze, urządzenia telekomunikacji bezprzewodowej, diagnostyczny i terapeutyczny sprzęt medyczny oraz przemysłowe urządzenia elektrotermiczne. Rodzaj i skutki zdrowotne ekspozycji ludzi na pola elektromagnetycznego zależą od częstotliwości i natężania tego pola oraz od przestrzennego rozkładu pola i czasu ekspozycji. W zakresie wielkiej częstotliwości (powyżej 100 kHz) dominują skutki termiczne, a przy niskich częstotliwościach decydującą rolę odgrywają skutki stymulacji tkanki pobudliwej (nerwowej i mięśniowej). Liczne niespecyficzne skutki zdrowotne wiązane są z ekspozycją długoterminową, m.in. zaburzenia układów: nerwowego, sercowo-naczyniowego i odpornościowego oraz promocja procesu nowotworowego. Mechanizm oddziaływania pól elektromagnetycznych na organizm ludzki nie jest dzisiaj jeszcze wystarczająco poznany. Dlatego w zaleceniach dotyczących ograniczania ekspozycji na pola elektromagnetyczne stosowane są szeroko współczynniki bezpieczeństwa, uwzględniające istniejące niejasności w tym zakresie. Projekt nowelizacji najwyższych dopuszczalnych natężeń (NDN) pól elektromagnetycznych został opracowany na podstawie analizy aktualnie obowiązujących polskich przepisów (ustanawianych od 1972 r.), zaleceń międzynarodowych, m.in. zaleceń ICNIRP (1998), Rozporządzenie Ministra Pracy i Polityki Społecznej z dnia 2 stycznia 2001 r. zmieniające rozporządzenie w sprawie najwyższych dopuszczalnych stężeń i natężeń czynników szkodliwych dla zdrowia w środowisku pracy. DzU, nr 4, poz. 36. Rozporządzenie Ministra Ochrony Środowiska, Zasobów Naturalnych i Leśnictwa z dnia 11 sierpnia 1988 r. w sprawie szczegółowych zasad ochrony przed promieniowaniem szkodliwym dla ludzi i środowiska, dopuszczalnych poziomów promieniowania, jakie mogą występować w środowisku, oraz wymagań obowiązujących przy wykonywaniu pomiarów kontrolnych promieniowania, DzU, nr 107, poz. 676, 1998. Wytyczne w zakresie ochrony przed elektrycznością statyczną obiektów i instalacji produkcyjnych Ministerstwa Przemysłu Chemicznego i Lekkiego, Departament Bezpieczeństwa Pracy i Ochrony Środowiska, WBP-84/MPChiL-04, kwiecień 1984. Zarządzenie Ministra Zdrowia i Opieki Społecznej z dnia 9 sierpnia 1972 r. w sprawie okre-ślenia pól elektromagnetycznych w zakresie mikrofalowym oraz dopuszczalnego czasu pracy w strefie zagrożenia. DzUrz MziOS, nr 17, poz. 78, 1972. Zarządzenie Ministra Górnictwa i Energetyki z dnia 28 stycznia 1985 r. w sprawie szczegó¬łowych wytycznych projektowania i eksploatacji urządzeń elektroenergetycznych w zakresie ochrony ludzi i środowiska przed oddziaływaniem pola elektromagnetycznego. MP nr 3, poz. 24, 1985. Zarządzenie nr 41/1995. - Bułgaria. (27 Oct. 1995) Common Régulations for Providing Healthy Work Conditions, Gov. News No. 100/1995. Zarządzenia Ministra Zdrowia Nr 408/1990 - Czechy. Régulation Conceming the Protection of Health from the Adverse Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation No. 408, Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, 1990.

EN

The most frequently used sources of electromagnetic fields are connected with electric power engineering, radio and television broadcasting, mobile communications (cellular phone), diagnostic and therapy medical devices and industrial heaters. The kind of exposure and its health effects depend on the frequency and strength of electromagnetic fields, spatial distribution and duration of exposure. In the high frequency range (over 100 kHz) thermal effects are more important; below the stimulation of sensitive (neural and muscle) tissue is more important. Many non-specific adverse health effects are connected with long term exposure: nervous, cardiovascular, mental, cancer promotion, immunological, etc. The mechanism of the human body - electromagnetic fields interactions are not clear enough today. So safety factors are widely used in recommendations for exposure limitation. The draft amendment of the Maximal Admissible Strength (MAS) of electromagnetic fields (EMF) was developed on the basis of an analysis of the current Polish regulations (established since 1972), international recommendations, among others the ICNIRP (1998) “Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)”, the IEEE (1999) “Standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz”, recommendations of the International Labour Organization (1999), recommendations of the World Health Organization, drafts of European standards (ENV) (1995) and a survey of the world literature that deals with the biological effects of EMF and the health effects of exposure to EMF. It was assumed that at the current stage it would be advisable to combine and unify existing regulations and to include their provisions in the order of the Minister of Labour and Social Policy on MAS. It was also assumed that the current principles that govern the presence of employees in protective zones (dangerous, hazardous and intermediate ones) would be kept in place while the duration of the stay in the hazardous zone would be limited according to verified and unified criteria based on the dose and the exposure factor. This draft mainly consists in maximum unification of the system based on the previous state and an introduction of MAS values for every frequency in the range from 0 Hz to 300 GHz. A higher permissible exposure of limbs in comparison to the whole body was introduced in a wider frequency range of a magnetic field, up to 800 kHz. After correcting the MAS values and introducing their frequency dependence in some frequency ranges, the MAS values are more similar to the ICNIRP’s recommendations. The exposure evaluation was made more precise by a uniform introduction of the concept of a dose and an exposure factor. The dose is defined as squared field strength multiplied by duration of exposure, irrespective of frequency. The value of a permissible dose during one shift is defined as squared field strength permissible for one shift exposure (on the border of hazardous and intermediate zones) multiplied by 8 hours. Permissible duration of exposure on the border of dangerous and hazardous zones is about 5 minutes because of established value of a permissible dose and the rule that the maximal value of field strength inside a dangerous zone is 10 times higher than the maximal one (for 8-hour exposure per day). An additional limit of exposure to pulse-modulated microwaves includes limitation of maximal electric field strength within pulse: 4.5 kV/m for 0.1-3 GHz, (0.43 f + 3.2) kV/m for 3-10 GHz and 7.5 kv/m for 10-300 GHz. The draft takes into account the latest trends in the development of international regulations, including the ones at the level of the European Union. The effects of an increased absorption of the electromag¬netic field energy in the so-called human-body resonance frequency range were taken into account. In the frequency range of 0 Hz - 3 GHz exposure should be evaluated according to the exposure factor containing both magnetic and electric field strength, because of near field exposure and the possibility of resonance absorption of electromagnetic energy. The principle of setting protective zones has been maintained as a convenient tool in the classification of exposure to electromagnetic fields. A general maintenance of the broadest possible status quo was assumed, facilitating continued application of the rules of the protection system that has proved to be successful.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

pole elektromagnetyczne; promieniowanie elektromagnetyczne; dokumentacja

EN

electromagnetic fields; electromagnetic radiation; documentation

• Wydawca: Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy
• Rocznik: 2001
• Tom: Nr 2 (28)
• Strony: 97--238
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 186 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Korniewicz H.

• Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy, 00-701 Warszawa ul. Czerniakowska 16

autor

Karpowicz J.

• Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy, 00-701 Warszawa ul. Czerniakowska 16

autor

Gryz K.

• Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy, 00-701 Warszawa ul. Czerniakowska 16

autor

Aniołczyk H.

• Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dr. med. J. Nofera 90-950 Łódź, ul. św. Teresy 8

autor

Zmyślony M.

• Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dr. med. J. Nofera 90-950 Łódź, ul. św. Teresy 8

autor

Kubacki R.

• Wojskowy Instytut Higieny i Epidemiologii im. gen. Karola Kaczkowskiego Warszawa, ul. Kozielska

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