Pulse-width Modulation Techniques in Two-level Voltage Source Inverters - State of the Art and Future Perspectives

• Autorzy: Chattejee Dipankar , Chakraborty Chandan , Dalapati Suvarun

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.2478/pead-2023-0023

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The core of most power electronic systems involving DC/AC conversion is a voltage source inverter (VSI) that runs on some pulse-width modulation (PWM) strategy. Numerous PWM techniques have been reported in the literature over the past few decades, each having its own merits and limitations. This paper reviews some selected areas of two-level PWM VSI, namely proper utilisation of the DC bus without deteriorating the quality of the output waveform, switching-loss reduction in the linear and over-modulation zones, common-mode voltage and PWM strategies for its reduction or elimination, distortion of the output voltage owing to dead time, and its compensation. These phenomena are explained in brief, followed by discussions on different research works relevant to these areas, and their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the paper shows prospective directions in which research may continue in these areas in future.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

carrier-based PWM; common-mode voltage; DC-bus utilisation; space vector PWM; dead-time distortion

• Wydawca: De Gruyter
• Czasopismo: Power Electronics and Drives
• Rocznik: 2023
• Tom: Vol. 8 (43)
• Strony: 335--367
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 86 poz., rys.

Twórcy

autor

Chattejee Dipankar

• Electrical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, India

autor

Chakraborty Chandan

• Electrical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India

autor

Dalapati Suvarun

• Electrical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, India

Bibliografia

• Abronzini, U., Attaianese, C., D’Arpino, M., Monaco, M. D. and Tomasso, G. (2016). Steady-State Dead-Time Compensation in VSI. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 63(9), pp. 5858-5866.
• Albatran, S., Allabadi, A. S., Khalaileh, A. R. A. and Fu, Y. (2021). Improving the Performance of a Two-Level Voltage Source Inverter in the Overmodulation Region using Adaptive Optimal Third Harmonic Injection Pulse width Modulation Schemes. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronic, 36(1), pp. 1092-1103.
• Badsi, I. N. E., Badsi, B. E. and Masmoudi, A. (2016). Comparative evaluation of carrier-based PWM strategies with zero-sequence signal injection for B6-VSI fed induction motor drives. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Sciences and Techniques of Automatic control and computer engineering - STA’2016, Sousse, Tunisia, pp. 481-487.
• Bedetti, N., Calligaro, S. and Petrella, R. (2015). Self-Commissioning of Inverter Dead-Time Compensation by Multiple Linear Regression Based on a Physical Model. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 51(5), pp. 3954-3964.
• Ben-Brahim, L. (1998). The analysis and compensation of dead-time effects in three phase PWM inverters. In: Proceedings of the IECON ’98. of the 24th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (Cat. No.98CH36200), pp. 792-797.
• Bhattacharya, S., Sharma, S. K., Mascarella, D. and Joós, G. (2017). Subfundamental Cycle Switching Frequency Variation for Switching Losses Reduction of a Two-Level Inverter Traction Drive. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 3(3), pp. 646-655.
• Bolognani, S. and Zigliotto, M. (1997). Novel Digital Continuous Control of SVM Inverters in the Overmodulation Range. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 33(2), pp. 525-530.
• Bose, B. K. (2002). Modern Power Electronics and AC Drives. USA: Prentice Hall, pp. 199-240.
• Boys, J. T. and Handley, P. G. (1989). Harmonic Analysis of Space Vector PWM Waveforms. IEE Proc B.
• Cacciato, M., Consoli, A., Scarcella, G., Scelba, G. and Testa, A. (2009). Modified space-vector-modulation technique for common mode currents reduction and full utilization of the DC bus. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Washington, USA, pp. 109-115.
• Cavalcanti, M. C., Da Silva, E. R. C., Lima, A. M. N., Jacobina, C. B. and Alves, R. N. C. (2002). Reducing Losses in Three-Phase PWM Pulsed DC-Link Voltage-Type Inverter Systems. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 38(4), pp. 1114-1122.
• Chatterjee, D. and Dalapati, S. (2020). Space-vector pulse width modulation algorithm implementation in low cost 8-bit digital controller. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference for Innovation in Technology (INOCON) 2020, Bengaluru, India, pp. 1-6.
• Chatterjee, D., Dutta, R. and Dalapati, S. (2022). Inherent dead-time distortion compensation feature of conventional one-cycle control in single phase PWM VSI. In: Accepted and Presented in Proceedings of the IEEE International Online Conference ONCON 2022.
• Chen, J., Jiang, D., Shen, Z., Sun, W. and Fang, Z. (2020). Uniform Distribution Pulse Width Modulation Strategy for Three-Phase Converters to Reduce Conducted EMI and Switching Loss. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 67(8), pp. 6215-6226.
• Chierchie, F. and Paolini, E. E. (2017). Elimination of dead-time distortion using time-feedback. XVII Workshop on Information Processing and Control (RPIC), pp. 1-6.
• Chierchie, F., Stefanazzi, L., Paolini, E. E. and Oliva, A. R. (2014). Frequency Analysis of PWM Inverters with Dead-Time for Arbitrary Modulating Signals. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 29(6), pp. 2850-2860.
• Cichowski, A. and Nieznanski, J. (2005). Self-Tuning Dead-Time Compensation Method for Voltage-Source Inverters. IEEE Power Electronics Letters, 3(2), pp. 72-75.
• Dalapati, S. (2013). A Predictive Algorithm for Minimising Dead-Time Distortions in Sine-Wave VSI with L-C Output Filter. International Journal Power Electronics, 5(5/6), pp. 392–429.
• Deng, W., Zhang, X. and Xie, W. (2023). A Novel Direct Torque Control Strategy of Two-Level Voltage Source Inverters for Eliminating Common-Mode Voltage Spikes Caused by Dead-Time Effect. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 38(2), pp. 2275–2284.
• Dunford, W. G., Khan-Ngern, W. K. and van Wyk, J. D. V. (1994). The analysis and implementation of a discontinuous PWM schemeIn: Proceedings of 1994 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition - APEC’94, Indonesia, pp. 128-134.
• Duong, T., Nguyen, M., Tran, T., Vo, D., Lim, Y. C. and Choi, J. (2021). Three-Phase Impedance-Source Inverter with Common-Mode Voltage Reduction. IEEE Access, 9, pp. 164510–164519.
• Fang, H., Feng, X., Song, W., Ge, X. and Ding, R. (2014). Relationship between Two-Level Space-Vector Pulse-Width Modulation and Carrier-Based Pulse width Modulation in the Over-Modulation Region. IET Power Electronics, 7(1), pp. 189-199.
• Fujita, H. and Akagi, H. (1996). Pulse-Density-Modulated Power Control of a 4 kW, 450 kHz Voltage-Source Inverter for Induction Melting Applications. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 32(2), pp. 279-286.
• Handley, P. G. and Boys, J. T. (1990). Space vector modulation: an engineering review. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Power Electronics and Variable-Speed Drives (Conf. Publ. No. 324), Auckland, New Zealand, pp. 87-91.
• Hava, A. M. and Ün, E. (2011). A High-Performance PWM Algorithm for Common-Mode Voltage Reduction in Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 26(7), pp. 1998-2009.
• Hava, A. M., Kerkman, R. J. and Lipo, T. A. (1998a). Carrier-Based PWM-VSI Overmodulation Strategies: Analysis, Comparison, and Design. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 13(4), pp. 674-689.
• Hava, A. M., Kerkman, R. J. and Lipo, T. A. (1998b). A High-Performance Generalized Discontinuous PWM Algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 34(5), pp. 1059-1071.
• Hava, A. M., Sul, S., Kerkman, R. J. and Lipo, T. A. (1999). Dynamic Overmodulation Characteristics of Triangle Intersection PWM Methods. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 35(4), pp. 896-907.
• Herran, M. A., Fischer, J. R., Gonz´alez, S. A., Judewicz, M. G. and Carrica, D. O. (2013). Adaptive Dead-Time Compensation for Grid-Connected PWM Inverters of Single-Stage PV Systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 28(6), pp. 2816-2824.
• Holtz, J. (1992). Pulsewidth Modulation-A Survey. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 39(5), pp. 410-420.
• Holtz, J., Lotzkat, W. and Khambadkone, A. M. (1993). On Continuous Control of PWM Inverters in the Overmodulation Range Including the Six-Step Mode. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 8(4), pp. 546-553.
• Huang, Y., Xu, Y., Zhang, W. and Zou, J. (2020). Modified Single-Edge SVPWM Technique to Reduce the Switching Losses and Increase PWM Harmonics Frequency for Three-Phase VSIs., IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 35(10), pp. 10643-10653.
• Ilioudis, V. C. and Margaris, N. I. (2012). An approach of unified voltage correcting algorithm for SVPWM overmodularion. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, EPE-PEMC 2012 ECCE Europe, Serbia, pp. 1-8.
• Kaura, V. and Blasko, V. (1996). A New Method to Extend Linearity of a Sinusoidal PWM in the Overmodulation Region. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 32(5), pp. 1115-1121.
• Kerkman, R. J., Leggate, D., Seibel, B. J. and Rowan, T. M. (1996). Operation of PWM Voltage Source-Inverters in the Overmodulation Region. IEETransactions on Industrial Electronics, 43(1), pp. 132-141.
• Kim, S. and Park, S. (2007). Compensation of Dead-Time Effects Based on Adaptive Harmonic Filtering in the Vector-Controlled AC Motor Drives. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 54(3), pp. 1768-1777.
• Kimball, J. W. and Zawodniok, M. (2011). Reducing Common-Mode Voltage in Three-Phase Sine-Triangle PWM with Interleaved Carriers. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 26(5), pp. 2229-2236.
• Kwasinski, A., Krein, P. T. and Chapman, P. L. (2003). Time Domain Comparison of Pulse-Width Modulation Schemes. IEEE Power Electronics Letters, 1(3), pp. 64-68.
• Lai, R. S. and Ngo, D. T. (1995). A PWM Method for Reduction of Switching-Loss in Full-Bridge Inverter. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 10(3), pp. 326-332.
• Lai, Y. S. (1999). New Random Technique of Inverter Control for Common Mode Voltage Reduction of Inverter-Fed Induction Motor Drives. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 14(4), pp. 1139-1146.
• Lee, D. and Ahn, J. (2014). A Simple and Direct Dead-Time Effect Compensation Scheme in PWM-VSI. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 50(5), pp. 3017-3025.
• Lee, D. and Lee, G. (1997). Linear Control of Inverter Output Voltage in Overmodulation. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 44(4), pp. 590-592.
• Lee, D. and Lee, G. (1998). A Novel Overmodulation Technique for Space-Vector PWM Inverters. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 13(6), pp. 1144-1151.
• Lee, H. and Sul, S. (2001). Common-Mode Voltage Reduction Method Modifying the Distribution of Zero-Voltage Vector in PWM Converter/ Inverter System. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 37(6), pp. 1732-1738.
• Lee, H., Yoo, A., Hong, C. and Lee, J. (2015). A carrier-based adjustable discontinuous PWM for three-phase voltage source inverter. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Montreal, Canada, pp. 2870-2875.
• Li, L., Jin, T., Jin, Y. and Smedley, K. M. (2008). A New Analog Controller for Three-Phase Voltage Generation Inverter. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 55(8), pp. 2894-2902.
• Li, Z., Zhang, M., Guo, Y. and Zhang, X. (2017). Overmodulation strategy for four-switch three-phase inverter basedon virtual voltage vector. In: Proceedings of the 36th Chinese Control Conference.
• Liu, F., Xin, K. and Liu, Y. (2017). An adaptive discontinuous pulse width modulation (DPWM) method for three phase inverter. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Florida, USA, pp. 1467-1472.
• Liu, G., Wang, D., Jin, Y., Wang, M. and Zhang, P. (2017). Current-Detection-Independent Dead-Time Compensation Method Based on Terminal Voltage A/D Conversion for PWM VSI. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 64(10), pp. 7689-7698.
• Mao, X., Ayyanar, R. and Krishnamurthy, H. K. (2009). Optimal Variable Switching Frequency Scheme for Reducing Switching Loss in Single-Phase Inverters Based on Time-Domain Ripple Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 24(4), pp. 991-1001.
• Mao, L., Wang, X., Na, R. and Cao, Y. (2011). Study of a novel dead-time compensation method for SVPWM. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Forum on Strategic Technology, Heilongjiang, China, pp. 278-282.
• Mohan, N., Undeland, T. M. and Robbins, W. P. (2009). Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design. India: Wiley, pp. 236-239.
• Morris, C. T., Han, D. and Sarlioglu, B. (2017). Reduction of Common Mode Voltage and Conducted EMI Through Three-Phase Inverter Topology. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 32(3), pp. 1720-1724.
• Narayanan, G. and Ranganathan, V. T. (1998). Synchronised Bus-Clamping PWM Strategies based on Space Vector Approach for Modulation up to Six-Step Mode. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Power Electronic Drives and Energy Systems for Industrial Growth, pp. 996-1001.
• Narayanan, G. and Ranganathan, V. T. (2001). Overmodulation Algorithm for Space Vector Modulated Inverters and its Application to Low Switching Frequency PWM Techniques. IEE Proceedings-Electric Power Applications, 148(6), pp. 521-536.
• Narayanan, G. and Ranganathan, V. T. (2002a). Extension of Operation of Space Vector PWM Strategies with Low Switching Frequencies using Different Overmodulation Algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 17(5), pp. 788-798.
• Narayanan, G. and Ranganathan, V. T. (2002b). Two Novel Synchronized Bus-Clamping PWM Strategies Based on Space Vector Approach for High Power Drives. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 17(1), pp. 84-93.
• Noroozi, N., Zolghadri, M. R. and Yaghoubi, M. (2017). A novel modulation method for reducing common mode voltage in three-phase inverters. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering, 2017 and IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC/I&CPS Europe), Milan, Italy, pp. 1-5.
• Ogasawara, S., Ayano, H. and Akagi, H. (1998). An Active Circuit for Cancellation of Common-Mode Voltage Generated by a PWM Inverter. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 13(5), pp. 835-841.
• Ojo, O. (2004). The Generalized Discontinuous PWM Scheme for Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 51(6), pp. 1280-1289.
• Ojo, O. and Kshirsagar, P. (2003). The generalized discontinuous PWM modulation scheme for three-phase voltage source inverters. In: Proceedings of the IECON’03. 29th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37468), Virginia, USA, pp. 1629-1636.
• Oliveira, A. C., Jacobina, C. B. A. and Lima, A. M. N. (2007). Improved Dead-Time Compensation for Sinusoidal PWM Inverters Operating at High Switching Frequencies. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 54(4), pp. 2295-2304.
• Oñederra, O., Kortabarria, I., Alegría, I. M. D., Andreu, J. and Gárate, J. I. (2017). Three-Phase VSI Optimal Switching Loss Reduction using Variable Switching Frequency. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 32(8), pp. 6570-6576.
• Pairodamonchai, P., Suwankawin, S. and Sangwongwanich, S. (2009). Design and Implementation of a Hybrid Output EMI Filter for High-Frequency Common-Mode Voltage Compensation in PWM Inverters. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 45(5), pp. 1647-1659.
• Pal, S. and Dalapati, S. (2012). Digital Simulation of Two Level Inverter Based on Space Vector Pulse width Modulation. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 5(4), pp. 392-429.
• Park, H. and Youn, M. (2003). A New Time-Domain Discontinuous Space-Vector PWM Technique in Overmodulation Region. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 50(3), pp. 349-355.
• Parvathy, M. L. and Kumar, T. V. (2023). An Enhanced Predictive Current Control Scheme for Common Mode Voltage Alleviation and Improvement of Torque Response of PMSM Drive. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 11(2), pp. 2139-2150.
• Prieto, J., Barrero, F., Durán, M. J., Marín, S. T. and Perales, M. A. (2014). SVM Procedure for n-Phase VSI with Low Harmonic Distortion in the Overmodulation Region. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 61(1), pp. 92-97.
• Rahman, A. M., John, E. and Choudhury, M. A. (1987). Performance Analysis of Delta Modulated PWM Inverters. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, PE-2(3), pp. 227-233.
• Rangarajan, M., Tallam, R. M., Kerkman, R. J., Leggate, D. and Lukaszewski, R. A. (2010). Common-Mode Voltage Reduction PWM Algorithm for AC Drives. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 46(5), pp. 1959-1969.
• Schounung, A. (1964). Static Frequency Changers with Sub-Harmonic Control in Conjunction with Reversible Variable Speed AC Drives. The BrownBoveri Review, 151, pp. 555-577.
• Schuetz, D., Osório, C. R. D., Maccari, Jr L. A., Lima, D. M., Carnielutti, F., Montagner, V. F. and Pinheiro, H. (2023). Space Vector Modulated Model Predictive Control for Grid-Tied Converters. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 19(1), pp. 414-425.
• Shen, Z. and Jiang, D. (2019). Dead-Time Effect Compensation Method Based on Current Ripple Prediction for Voltage-Source Inverters. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 34(1), pp. 971-983.
• Stumpf, P. and Halász, S. (2018). Optimization of PWM for the Overmodulation Region of Two-Level Inverters. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 54(4), pp. 3393-3404.
• Taniguchi, K. and Okumura, A. (1993). A PAM inverter system for vector control of induction motor. In: Proceedings of the Conference Record of the Power Conversion Conference. Yokohama, pp. 478-483.
• Tian, K., Wang, J., Wu, B., Xu, D., Cheng, Z. and Zargari, N. R. (2016). A Virtual Space Vector Modulation Technique for the Reduction of Common-Mode Voltages in Both Magnitude and Third-Order Component. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 31(1), pp. 839-848.
• Van Der Broeck, H. W., Skudelny, H.-C. and Stanke, G. V. (1988). Analysis and Realization of a Pulsewidth Modulator Based on Voltage Space Vectors. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 24(1), pp. 142-150.
• Vazquez, S., Leon, J. I., FranqueloL, G., Carrasco, J. M., Martinez, O., Rodriguez, J., Cortes, P. and Kouro, S. (2009). Model predictive control with constant switching frequency using a discrete space vector modulation with virtual state vectors. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, Victoria, Australia, pp. 1-6.
• 7Wang, L., Xu, J., Chen, Q., Chen, Z., Geng, X. and Lin, K. (2022). Improved PWM Strategies to Mitigate Dead-Time Distortion in Three-Phase Voltage Source Converter. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 37(12), pp. 14692-14707.
• Weerakoon, D. B. R., Sandaruwan, B. L. L., De Silva, R. T. T., Abeyratne, S. G. and Rathnayake, D. B. (2016). A novel dead-time compensation scheme for PWM VSI drives. In: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation for Sustainability, Galle, Sri Lanka, pp. 1-6.
• 81. Wu, X., Tan, G., Ye, Z., Liu, Y. and Xu, S. (2016). Optimized Common-Mode Voltage Reduction PWM for Three-Phase Voltage-Source Inverters. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 31(4), pp. 2959-2969.
• 82. Xu, C. and Lu, S. (2021). Practical Online Modulation Method for Current Ripple and Switching Losses Reduction in the Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 36(2), pp. 1475-1490.
• Yamamoto, Y., Aichi, Ichinomiya - shi, Hamada, S., Numazu - shi. and Shizuoka. (2020). Device for Controlling Power Conversion Circuit. MEIDENSHA CORPORATION,Tokyo (JP). US Patent - US 2020/0169185 A1. pp. 1-25.
• Yang, Y., Zhou, K., Wang, H. and Blaabjerg, F. (2018). Analysis and Mitigation of Dead-Time Harmonics in the Single-Phase Full-Bridge PWM Converter with Repetitive Controllers. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 54(5), pp. 5343-5354.
• Ye, J., Huang, H., Huang, S., Wang, H., Li, B., Xu, J. and Shen, A. (2022). An Accurate Dead-Time Compensation Method for SPWM Voltage Source Inverters. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 38, pp. 4894-4908.
• Zhang, Z. and Bazzi, A. M. (2022). Common-Mode Voltage Reduction in VSI-Fed Motor Drives with an Integrated Active Zero-State Switch. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 10(3), pp. 3371-3382.

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2024).