A comparative analysis of the interrelation between the evolution in the structure of Armenian churches of the 4th-14th centuries and the three-layer “midis” masonry

• Autorzy: Azatyan Karen , Azatyan Ruben , Manukian Anzhelika , Melikyan Mane

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.35784/bud-arch.3820

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The article touches upon the interrelations between the structural elements and the building structure in architecture. The aim of the work is to generalize the peculiarities of “midis” masonry formation and to reveal its influence in the evolution process of the structure of Armenian medieval churches by a comparative analysis of different characteristics. In the work: the development of three-layer “midis” masonry was systematized, the phenomenon of shell structure and spatial integrity in the churches of the 4th-14th centuries was highlighted, the tendencies of evolution of the masonry monolithic nature and church structure integrity were revealed by a comparative analysis of volumetric and planning characteristics of different churches. The results allowed to formulate a certain sequence of interactions in different characteristics, which confirmed the relationship between the evolution of the masonry and the structure of the churches: the evolution of “midis” masonry led to the structural monolithic nature of the walls and the forms derived from it, which in turn led to the integrity of the stone building structure. The results can be useful in further research covering structural-compositional interrelations, including both heritage and modern architecture studies.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

three-layer “midis” masonry; wall structure; medieval Armenian church structure; monolithic architecture; stone building structure; spatial integrity in architecture

• Wydawca: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Lubelskiej
• Czasopismo: Budownictwo i Architektura
• Rocznik: 2023
• Tom: Vol. 22, no 3
• Strony: 73--104
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 47 poz., fig., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Azatyan Karen

• Department of Architectural Design and Design of Architectural Environment; Faculty of Architecture; National University of Architecture and Construction of Armenia (NUACA); (Armenia)

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6764-5917

autor

Azatyan Ruben

• “Azatyan” Architectural Studio; (Armenia)

autor

Manukian Anzhelika

• Faculty of Architecture (Conservation); La Sapienza of Rome; (Armenia)

• https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7948-4310

autor

Melikyan Mane

Bibliografia

• 1. Kirillova L., Pokrovskiy I., Rozhin I., Kompozicia v sovremennoy arkhitekture [Composition in modern architecture]. Moscow: Central Research Institute of Theory and History of Architecture, Stroyizdat, 1973.
• 2. Kirch P., Carpenter A., Ruggles C., “Kukuipahu: A Unique Hawaiian Monumental Structure Utilizing Cut-and-Dressed Stone Masonry”, Rapa Nui Journal, vol. 32, no. 1, 2019, pp. 37-57. https://doi.org/10.1353/rnj.2019.0000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/rnj.2019.0000
• 3. Taras Y., “Schools of Folk Temple Building, Types and Groups of Carpathian Churches”, Architectural Studies, vol. 5, no. 2, 2019, pp.122-148. https://doi.org/10.23939/as2019.02.121 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23939/as2019.02.121
• 4. Goberman D., Wooden Architectural Monuments of Trans-Carpathia. Leningrad: Aurora, 1970.
• 5. Puganchenkova G., Samarkand. Bukhara. Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1968.
• 6. Voronina V., Architectural Monuments of Middle Asia. Bokhara, Samarkand. Leningrad: Aurora, 1969.
• 7. Hejazi M., Hejazi B., Hejazi S., “Evolution of Persian traditional architecture through the history”, Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, vol. 39(3), pp. 188-207, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2015.1088415 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2015.1088415
• 8. Lysiak W., Frank Lloyd Wright. Berlin: Henschelverlag , 1983.
• 9. Le Corbusier, Arkhitektura ХХ veka [Architecture of the 20th century], transl. Topuridze, Moscow: Progress, 1977
• 10. Zhong M., “Research on Traditional Stone Buildings in West Hunan Rural Areas”, Advanced Materials Research, vol. 450-51, 2012, pp.218-22. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.450-451.218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.450-451.218
• 11. Naeeni D., Esfahani H., Hosseini I., “Recognising Karbandi in Iran’s Architecture and a Review of its Decorative-Structural Role”, International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2017.1406789 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2017.1406789
• 12. Weber Th., Rock and Order, Stone Masonry in a Historical Context, Stone and architecture in the mountainous regions of Jordan and Syria. Amman - Damascus - Berlin: DAAD, 2012 , pp. 121-56.
• 13. Brumana R., Oreni O., Cuca B., Binda L., Condoleo P., Triggiani M., “Strategy for Integrated Surveying Techniques Finalized to Interpretive Models in a Byzantine Church”, International Journal of Architectural Heritage, vol. 8:6, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2012.756077 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2012.756077
• 14. Azatyan K., Azatyan R., Yolyan A., Smelkov O., “The Impact of the Constructive Solution on the Formation of the Portal in the Architecture of Armenian Churches of 4th-7th Centuries”, Yerevan: JAER №2., 2021. https://doi.org/10.54338/27382656-2021.2-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.54338/27382656-2021.2-1
• 15. Cowan H., “Structural Design by Observation of Failures How the Gothic Master Masons Determined the Dimensions of their Structures”, Architectural Science Review, vol. 35(2), 1992, pp. 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.1992.9696713 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.1992.9696713
• 16. Vitti P., “Mortars and masonry - structural lime and gypsum mortars in Antiquity and Middle Ages”, Archaeological & Anthropological Sciences, vol. 13:164, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01408-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01408-y
• 17. Schildkamp M., Silvestri S., Araki Y., “Rubble Stone Masonry Buildings With Cement Mortar: Design Specifications in Seismic and Masonry Codes Worldwide”, Frontiers In Built Environment, vol. 6:590520, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2020.590520 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2020.590520
• 18. Bhattacharya S., Nayak S., Dutta S., “A critical review of retrofitting methods for unreinforced masonry structures”, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, vol. 7, 2014, pp. 51–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2013.12.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2013.12.004
• 19. Alberti L., Desyat’ knig o zodchestve [Ten books on architecture], vol 1. Moscow: Publishing House of the All-Union Academy of Architecture, 1935.
• 20. D’Altri A., Sarhosis V., Milani G., Rots J., Cattari S., Lagomarsino S., Sacco E., Tralli A., Castellazzi G., Miranda S., “Modeling Strategies for the Computational Analysis of Unreinforced Masonry Structures”, Review and Classification, Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, vol. 27, 2019, pp. 1153–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-019-09351-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-019-09351-x
• 21. Vintzileou E., Miltiadou-Fezans A. “Mechanical properties of three-leaf stone masonry grouted with ternary or hydraulic lime-based grouts”, Engineering Structures, vol 30(8), 2008, pp. 2265-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.11.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.11.003
• 22. Choisy A., Histoire De L'Architecture [History of Architecture], vol I. Paris: 1935.
• 23. Choisy A. , Histoire De L'Architecture [History of Architecture], vol II. Paris: 1937.
• 24. Gavrilovic P., Sendova V., Ginell W., “Seismic strengthening and repair of Byzantine churches”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, vol 3(2), 1999, pp. 199-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469909350345 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469909350345
• 25. Rabady R., “Ancient masonry structures within an integrated approach: the reinforced corbelled flat roofs of Umm el-Jimal”, The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology, vol. 89(1-2), 2019, pp. 122-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/17581206.2020.1782616 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17581206.2020.1782616
• 26. Tonghini C., Donato E., Montevecchi N., Nucciotti M., “ The Evolution of Masonry Technique in Islamic Military Architecture: the Evidence from Shayzar”, Levant, vol. 35(1), 2003, pp. 179-212. https://doi.org/10.1179/lev.2003.35.1.179 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/lev.2003.35.1.179
• 27. Jäger J., Stone and architecture in the mountainous regions of Jordan and Syria. Amman - Damascus - Berlin: DAAD, 2012, pp. 13-60.
• 28. Flora A., Chiaradonna A., Sanctis L., Lignola G., Nappa V., Oztoprak S., Ramaglia G., Sargin S., “Understanding the Damages Caused by the 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake on One of the Towers of the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople”, International Journal of Architectural Heritage, vol. 16:7, 2021, p. 1076-1100. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2020.1864512 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2020.1864512
• 29. Mikaelian G., Sevani avazani kiklopyan amrots̕ner [Cyclopean fortresses in the basin of lake Sevan]. Yerevan: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, 1968.
• 30. Harut’yunyan V., Haykakan chartarapetut’yan patmut’yun [History of Armenian architecture]. Yerevan: Luys, 1992.
• 31. Isabekyan H., Pati tektonikan haykakan chartarapetut’yan mej [Wall tectonics in Armenian architecture]. Yerevan: Collection of Armenian art scientific articles of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, vol 1. 1974, pp. 36-47.
• 32. Sahinyan A., Garrnii antik karruycneri chartarapetut’yunə [The architecture of Garni ancient buildings]. Yerevan: Academy of Sciences of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, 1938, p. 261.
• 33. Toramanyan T., Nyut’er haykakan chartarapetut’yan patmut’yan [Materials on the history of Armenian architecture]. Yerevan: Armfan, 1942.
• 34. Sahinyan A., K’asaghi bazilikayi chartarapetut’yunə [Architecture of the Kasagh Basilica]. Yerevan: Academy of Sciences of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, 1955.
• 35. Marr N., Yereruyskaya bazilika. Armyanskiy khram V-VI vv. v okrestnostyakh Ani [Ererouk basilica. Armenian temple of the 5th-6th centuries near Ani]. Yerevan: Academy of Sciences of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, 1968.
• 36. Paboudjian P., Novello A., The "Ererouk" basilica. Milano: Ares, 1977.
• 37. Shakhkyan G., Lori: patmut’yan k’arakert ejer [Lori: Petrified pages of history]. Yerevan: Soviet Writer, 1988.
• 38. Shakhkyan G., 1983, Odzun yekeghets’in [The church of Odzun]. Yerevan։ Soviet writer, 1983.
• 39. Maranci C., “Building Churches in Armenia: Art at the Borders of Empire and the Edge of the Canon”, The Art Bulletin, vol. 88(4), 2006, pp. 656-675. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043079.2006.10786313 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00043079.2006.10786313
• 40. Tokarskiy N., Arkhitektura Armenii IV-XIV vv. [Architecture of Armenia IV-XIV centuries]. Yerevan: Armgosizdat, 1961.
• 41. Choisy A., Stroitelnoe iskusstvo drevnix rimlyan [L'art de bâtir chez les Romains]. Moscow: Publishing House of the All-Union Academy of Architecture, 1938.
• 42. Strzygowski J., Die Baukunst der Armenier und Europa [The architecture of the Armenians and Europe]. Wien: A. Schroll & Co., G.m.b.H., 1918.
• 43. Palieraki V., Vintzileou E., Miltiadou-Fezans A., “The use of radar technique and boroscopy in investigating historic masonry: Application of the techniques in Byzantine monuments in Greece”, Antalya: International Symposium on Studies on Historical Heritagе, 2007, pp 403-410.
• 44. Manzo A., Cantini L., Chesi C., Parisi M., “Italian Middle Byzantine Churches: A Comparison Through Masonry Quality Analysis”, International Journal of Architectural Heritage, vol. 15:10, 2021, pp. 1474-1491. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2019.1700321 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2019.1700321
• 45. Borri A., Castori G., “Damage and Seismic Vulnerability of the Portal of Palazzo Dei Priori”, International Journal of Architectural Heritage: Conservation, Analysis, and Restoration, vol 5(2), 2011, pp. 219-240. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583050903511606 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15583050903511606
• 46. Nikooravesh M., Soltani M.m, Mohammadi E., “Seismic Retrofitting of Persian Arched Walls by Centercore Method: Experimental and Numerical Investigation”, International Journal of Architecture Heritage, vol. 17(3), 2021, pp. 450-471. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2021.1933261 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2021.1933261
• 47. Artsruni T., History of Artsrunyats House․ Yerevan, Armenia: Yerevan: Soviet Writer, 1978, p. 295.