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Abstrakty
Wireless ad hoc networks are frequently deployed in strategic applications that require the use of battery powered nodes. A key requirement for these networks is to maximize the time span when all nodes have sufficient battery charge to participate in communication with other nodes. To meet this requirement, this paper describes a routing strategy that seeks to find the best balance between minimizing the power consumption and evenly using all nodes within the network to avoid early exhaustion of individual nodes. The proposed routing scheme is compared to reported schemes using minimum power routing and the results show that the proposed scheme gives a longer time until the first node’s battery energy is depleted with a lower network power consumption than schemes using just energy minimization. Multiple access techniques are discussed and a cost-effective scheme based on available wireless LAN channels and space division multiplexing is proposed. Each path can use one, two or three time slots according to the number of hops in the path. Adaptive modulation is used where the link power budget is sufficient to maintain the throughput per unit time regardless of the number of hops in the path. Simulation results show that the throughput can be significantly improved using adaptive modulation with a small reduction in the time until the first node’s battery energy is depleted.
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Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
47--59
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 17 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
autor
- School of Applied Technology, Humber College, Toronto, ON Canada
autor
- Dept of Computing and Communication Technologies, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
autor
- Dept of Computing and Communication Technologies, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
Bibliografia
- [1] S. Doshi et al. An On-demand Minimum Energy Routing Protocol for a Wireless Ad Hoc Network. ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, 6(3):51-66, 2002.
- [2] S. Singh et al. Power-aware routing in mobile ad hoc networks. ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom), Dallas, Texas, USA, pp. 181-190, 1998.
- [3] Hwang-Cheng Wang and Wen-Hong Chen. Maximum path lifetime routing for ad hoc wireless networks. Proc. 9th Int Conf. on Mobile and Wireless Communications Networks, Cork, Ireland, Sept 19- 21, pp. 166-170, 2007.
- [4] C. Ma and Y. Yang. A Battery-Aware Scheme for Routing inWireless Ad Hoc Networks. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 60:3919-3932, 2011.
- [5] C.-K. Toh. Maximum Battery Life Routing to Support Ubiquitous Mobile Computing in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 39:138-147, 2001.
- [6] Kwang-Ryoul Kim, Sung-Gi Min and Nam-Kyu Yu. Maximising the lifetime of wireless ad hoc networks using minimizing the maximum used power routing. ISWPC, pp. 557-561, 2008.
- [7] M. Maleki et al. Power-aware Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED), California, USA, August 2002, pp. 72-75, 2002.
- [8] J. Deng and Z. J. Haas. Dual Busy Tone Multiple Access (DBTMA): A New Medium Access Control for Packet Radio Networks. IEEE International Conference on Universal Personal Communications (ICUPC), Florence, Italy, October 5-9 1998, pp. 973-977, 1998.
- [9] H. Holma and A. Toskala. WCDMA for UMTS âǍŞ HSPA evolution and LTE. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 2007.
- [10] D. Khan et al. A Cross Layer Design Approach for Multi-hop Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. The Mediterranean Journal of Computers and Networks (MEDJCN), 3:91-99, 2007.
- [11] Aruba Networks: WLAN RF Architecture Primer. http://www.arubanetworks.com/pdf/technology/whitepapers/wp_RFARCH.pdf, last accessed on 6 July 2012.
- [12] D. Khan, P. Ball and G. Childs. A Holistic Cross Layer Design Approach for Multi-Hop Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP), Patras, Greece, July 2006, pp. 220-223, 2006.
- [13] S. Gao, L. Qian and D. R. Vaman. Energy efficient adaptive modulation in wireless cognitive radio ad hoc networks. 5th IEEE Annual Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks Workshops (SECON Workshops ’08), pp. 1-8, 2008.
- [14] W. Zhu and X. Fang. Connectivity Enhancement Mechanism based on Adaptive Modulation for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. 5th IEEE Annual Communications Conference on Information, Communications and Signal Processing 2005, pp. 589-592, 2005.
- [15] M. R. Souryal, R. Vojic and L. Pickholtz. Adaptive Modulation in Ad Hoc DS/CDMA packet radio networks. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 54(4):714-725, 2006.
- [16] W. S. Wong and C. E. Tan. CIR-based best-route prediction and adaptive modulation for routing in OFDM Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Communications (ATC 2008), pp. 145-149, 2008.
- [17] J. G. Proakis and M. Salehi. Communication Systems Engineering. Prentice Hall, 2003.
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Bibliografia
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