Kadm i jego związki nieorganiczne – w przeliczeniu na Cd – frakcja wdychana : dokumentacja proponowanych dopuszczalnych wielkości narażenia zawodowego

• Autorzy: Sapota Andrzej , Daragó Adam , Jakubowski Marek

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.5604/01.3001.0013.6376

Warianty tytułu

EN

Cadmium and its inorganic compounds – expressed as Cd – inhalable fraction :documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Kadm (Cd) jest białym metalem o niebieskawym odcieniu. Tworzy szereg związków, występując w nich wyłącznie w 2+ stopniu utlenienia. Związki kadmu są w różnym stopniu rozpuszczalne w wodzie. Do grup największego ryzyka zalicza się pracowników zatrudnionych przy produkcji: akumulatorów niklowo-kadmowych, stopów, pigmentów kadmowych, barwieniu tworzyw sztucznych pigmentami, a także pracowników hut metali nieżelaznych oraz spawaczy tnących metale powleczone antykorozyjną warstwą kadmu. Według danych Centralnego Rejestru Danych o Narażeniu na Substancje, Preparaty, Czynniki lub Procesy Technologiczne o Działaniu Rakotwórczym lub Mutagennym w Polsce na kadm i jego związki było narażonych 4 276 pracowników. Kadm ulega wchłanianiu do organizmu drogą wziewną i pokarmową. U ludzi wchłanianie wynosi odpowiednio: 2 ÷ 50% i 4 ÷ 6%. Eliminacja kadmu z organizmu jest procesem powolnym. Szacowane okresy półtrwania kadmu wynoszą od 5 do 30 lat. Wyniki badań przeprowadzonych u osób narażonych na kadm w środowisku pracy wykazały, że stężenie progowe kadmu w moczu, przy którym stwierdzono wzmożone wydalanie w moczu białek niskocząsteczkowych, wynosiło 5 ÷ 10 µg/g kreatyniny. Międzynarodowa Agencja Badań nad Rakiem (IARC) uznała w 1993 r. kadm za czynnik rakotwórczy dla ludzi (grupa 1.). Wyniki badań eksperymentalnych na szczurach dostarczyły dowodów na rakotwórcze działanie kadmu w wyniku narażenia inhalacyjnego. Kadm jest uznany przez SCOEL za czynnik rakotwórczy kategorii zagrożenia C (czyli jako genotoksyczny czynnik rakotwórczy), dla którego można określić próg (stężenie) działania, zwany również progiem praktycznym. Narządami krytycznymi toksycznego działania kadmu i jego związków nieorganicznych u ludzi (w zależności od drogi narażenia – pokarmowa, inhalacyjna) są nerki, płuca oraz prawdopodobnie kości. Skutkiem krytycznym w przypadku działania kadmu na nerki jest wzmożone wydalanie w moczu białek niskocząsteczkowych, natomiast skutkiem krytycznym w przypadku działania na płuca jest działanie rakotwórcze związku. Jako podstawę do zaproponowania wartości najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia (NDS) dla frakcji wdychalnej kadmu i jego związków przyjęto wyniki badań inhalacyjnych na szczurach narażanych na kadm o stężeniach: 30; 13,4 lub 10 µgCd/m³ przez 18 miesięcy. Stężenie 10 µg Cd/m³ przyjęto jako wartość NOAEL. Po podstawieniu do wzoru i uwzględnieniu współczynników niepewności o łącznej wartości 10 ustalono stężenie 0,001 mg/m³ (1 µg Cd/m³ ) jako wartość NDS dla frakcji wdychalnej. Monitoring biologiczny jest najlepszym wskaźnikiem narażenia na kadm. Wydalanie kadmu z moczem umożliwia ocenę wielkości kumulacji związku w ustroju oraz uwzględnia wszystkie źródła narażenia na kadm, w tym skażonej żywności i palenia tytoniu, natomiast stężenie kadmu we krwi stanowi marker aktualnego narażenia. Dotychczasowe wartości DSB we krwi i w moczu wynosiły odpowiednio 5 μg Cd/l i 5 μg Cd/g kreatyniny. Po dyskusji na 91. posiedzeniu Międzyresortowej Komisji ds. NDS i NDN wartości te pozostawiono jako obowiązujące. Zakres tematyczny artykułu obejmuje zagadnienia zdrowia oraz bezpieczeństwa i higieny środowiska pracy będące przedmiotem badań z zakresu nauk o zdrowiu oraz inżynierii środowiska.

EN

Cadmium (Cd) is a white metal with a bluish tint. It forms a number of compounds occurring in them on the degree of oxidation 2+. Cadmium compounds are water-soluble to varying degrees. The highest risk groups include employees involved in the production of nickel-cadmium batteries, alloys, cadmium pigments as well as employees of non-ferrous metal smelters and cutting welders of metals covered with a cadmium anti-corrosion layer. According to the Central Register of Data on Exposure to Substances , Preparations, Factors or Technological Processes on Carcinogenic or Mutagenic Action, 4276 workers in Poland were exposed to cadmium and its compounds. Cadmium is absorbed into the body through inhalation and digestive systems. In humans, the absorption is 2–50% and 4–6%, respectively. Elimination of cadmium from the body is a slow process. The estimated half-life of cadmium is from 5 to 30 years. Results of studies conducted in subjects exposed to cadmium in the work environment showed that the threshold concentration of cadmium in urine, at which increased excretion of low molecular weight proteins in urine was found, is 5–10 µg/g creatinine. In 1993, IARC identified cadmium and its compounds as a human carcinogen (group 1). The results of experimental studies in rats provided evidence of cadmium carcinogenicity as a result of inhalation exposure. Cadmium is recognized by SCOEL as a category C carcinogen, i.e. as a genotoxic carcinogen for which a threshold of action (concentration) can be determined, also called a practical threshold. The critical organs for the toxic effects of cadmium and its inorganic compounds in humans, depending on the route of exposure, are kidneys, lungs and possibly bones. The critical effect of cadmium on kidneys is increased excretion of low molecular weight proteins in urine, while the critical effect on lungs is the carcinogenic effect. Inhalation studies in rats exposed to cadmium at concentrations of 30 µgCd/m³ , 13.4 µgCd/m³ and 10 µgCd/m³ for 18 months were used as the basis to propose TLV-TWA. The concentration of 10 µg Cd/m³ was taken as the NOAEL value. After applying the formula and taking into account the uncertainty factors with a total value of 10, the concentration of 0.001 mg/m3 (1 µgCd/m³ ) was determined as the TLV-TWA value for the inhaled fraction. Biological monitoring is the µgCd/m³ ) was determined as the TLV-TWA value for the inhaled fraction. Biological monitoring is the best indicator of cadmium exposure. The excretion of cadmium in urine enables the assessment of cumulative cadmium in the body and takes into account all sources of cadmium exposure, including contaminated food and smoking, while the blood cadmium concentration is a measure of current exposure. Previous BEI values in blood and urine were 5 μgCd/l and 5 μgCd/g creatinine, respectively. After discussion at the 91st meeting of the Interministerial Committee for TLVs and PELs, these values were maintained as mandatory. This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

kadm; toksyczność; narażenie zawodowe; NDS; DSB; nauki o zdrowiu; inżynieria środowiska

EN

cadmium; toxicity; occupational exposure; TLV; BEI; health sciences; environmental engineering

• Wydawca: Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy
• Rocznik: 2019
• Tom: Nr 4 (102)
• Strony: 5--41
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 137 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Sapota Andrzej

• Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. Prof. dr. med. Jerzego Nofera 91-348 Łódź ul. św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8 POLAND

autor

Daragó Adam

• Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. Prof. dr. med. Jerzego Nofera 91-348 Łódź ul. św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8 POLAND

autor

Jakubowski Marek

• Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. Prof. dr. med. Jerzego Nofera 91-348 Łódź ul. św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8 POLAND

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Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu w ramach umowy 509/P-DUN/2018 ze środków MNiSW przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę (2019).