PL EN


Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników
Tytuł artykułu

Preparing critical infrastructure for the future: Lessons learnt from the Covid-19 pandemic

Autorzy
Wybrane pełne teksty z tego czasopisma
Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
The objective of this paper is to provide a view on the problem of insufficient state protection of critical infrastructure throughout the Covid-19 crisis. The paper looks at this problem with regard to the definition of critical infrastructure, its content, and also the limitations of current approaches to critical infrastructure protection. The examples relating to the Covid-19 crisis show the practices adopted and suggest possible steps forward. The research methodology implemented in this research is based on a critical analysis of the existing literature. The themes described in this paper show there is an urgent need to change current critical infrastructure protection approaches to a resilience-based modus operandi. Specifically, this paper highlights the need to shift the understanding of critical infrastructure from an object-oriented approach towards essential services/functions and to highlight its complex, socio- technical nature. It also highlights the deficiencies of current, prevention-based approaches to critical infrastructure protection such as the insufficient focus on identification and management process of vulnerabilities, especially in relation to (inter)dependencies resulting from interconnections with other systems. The gravity of the situation caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, despite its negative connotations, can be used as an opportunity to examine the real condition of protection of critical infrastructure. The pandemic suggests that there is much left to be done and because of the unpredictability of the future, we need to start acting as soon as possible.
Rocznik
Strony
21--32
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 38 poz.
Twórcy
  • Department of Internal Security, University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland
Bibliografia
  • 1. Bach, C., Bouchon, S., Fekete, A., Birkmann, J. and Serre, D. (2013) ‘Adding value to critical infrastructure research and disaster risk management’, The Resilience Concept, S.A.P.I.EN.S, 6(1), pp. 1–12.
  • 2. Boin, A. and Lagadec, P. (2000) ‘Preparing for the future: Critical challenges in crisis management’, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 8, pp. 185–191. doi: 10.1111/1468-5973.00138.
  • 3. Bruneau, M., Chang, S., Eguchi, R., Lee, G., O’Rourke, T., Reinhorn, A., Shinozuka, M., Tierney, K., Wallace, W. and Von Winterfeldt, D. (2003) ‘A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance seismic resilience of communities’, Earthquake Spectra, (19)4, pp. 733–752. doi: 10.1193/1.1623497.
  • 4. Carlson, L., Bassett, G., Buehring, W., Collins, M., Folga, S., Haffenden, B., Petit, F., Phillips, J., Verner, D. and Whitfield, R. (2012) Resilience Theory and Applications, Argonne National Laboratory, Decision and Information Sciences Division, ANL/DIS-12-1, Argonne, IL. doi: 10.2172/1044521.
  • 5. Carvalhaes, T., Markolf, S., Helmrich, A., Kim, Y., Li, R., Natarajan, M., Bondank, E., Ahmad, N. and Chester, M. (2020) ‘COVID-19 as a Harbinger of Transforming Infrastructure Resilience’, Frontiers in Built Environment, 6, pp. 1–8, doi: 10.3389/fbuil.2020.00148.
  • 6. Clark-Ginsberg, A., Rueda, I.A., Monken, J., Liu, J. and Chen, H. (2020) ‘Maintaining critical infrastructure resilience to natural hazards during the COVID-19 pandemic: Hurricane preparations by US energy companies’, Journal of Infrastructure Preservation and Resilience, 1(1), doi: 10.1186/s43065-020-00010-1.
  • 7. Curt, C. and Tacnet, J. (2018) ‘Resilience of critical infrastructures: Review and analysis of current approaches’, Risk analysis, 38(11), pp. 2441–2458, Wiley. doi: 10.1111/risa.13166.
  • 8. Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (2021) Guidance on the essential critical infrastructure workforce: Ensuring community and national resilience in COVID-19 response version 4.1, Office of the Director, Washington, DC.
  • 9. Department of Homeland Security (2010) DHS Risk Lexicon – 2010 edition, Washington, DC. Available at: http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/as... (Accessed: 6 October 2021).
  • 10. Dunn-Cavelty, M. and Suter, M. (2009) ‘Public-private partnerships are no silver bullet: An expanded governance model for critical infrastructure protection’, International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 2, pp. 179–187. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcip.2009.08.006.
  • 11. European Commission (2019) Commission staff working document, evaluation study of Council Directive 2008/114 on the identification and designation of European critical infrastructures and the assessment of the need to improve their protection, Brussels: European Commission.
  • 12. European Commission (2020a) Proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the resilience of critical entities, Brussels: European Commission.
  • 13. European Commission (2020b) Commission staff working document. Impact assessment. Accompanying the document proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the resilience of critical entities. Brussels: European Commission.
  • 14. European Economic and Social Committee (2021) Opinion, European Economic and Social Committee, Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union, repealing Directive (EU) 2016/1148 and Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the resilience of critical entities, Brussels: Council of the European Union.
  • 15. European Union (2008) Council Directive 2008/114/EC of 8 December 2008 on the identification and designation of European critical infrastructures and the assessment of the need to improve their protection, Brussels: Official Journal of the European Union.
  • 16. Europol (2020) Catching the virus cybercrime, disinformation and the COVID-19 pandemic. Report of the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation, Hague: Europol.
  • 17. Federal Emergency Management Agency (2020) 2020 National preparedness report, Washington, DC: Department of Homeland Security.
  • 18. Fisher, M.K. and Gamper, C. (2017) Policy evaluation framework on the governance of critical infrastructure resilience in Latin America, Washington DC: Inter-American Development Bank, doi: 10.18235/0000819.
  • 19. Galbusera, L., Cardarilli, M. and Giannopoulos, G. (2021) ‘The ERNCIP Survey on COVID-19: Emergency & business continuity for fostering resilience in critical infrastructures,’ Safety Science, 105161, 139, doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105161.
  • 20. Goering, L. (2021) ‘As climate impacts surge, UN science report to examine “black swan” events’, Thomson Reuters Foundation, 20 July. Available at: https://news.trust.org/item/20... (Accessed: 4 October 2021).
  • 21. Gradoń, K., Hołyst, J., Moy, W., Sienkiewicz, J. and Suchecki, K. (2021) ‘Countering misinformation: A multidisciplinary approach’, Big Data & Society, 8, pp. 1–14, doi: 10.1177/20539517211013848.
  • 22. Interpol (2020) Cybercrime: COVID-19 impact. Report of the Interpol, Lyon: Interpol.
  • 23. Longstaff, P. (2005) Security, resilience, and communication in unpredictable environments such as terrorism, natural disasters, and complex technology, Center for Information Policy Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University.
  • 24. Longstaff, P., Armstrong, N., Perrin, K., Parker, W.M. and Hidek, M. (2010) ‘Building resilient communities: A preliminary framework for assessment’, Homeland Security Affairs, 6(3), pp. 1–23, Monterey: Naval Postgraduate School.
  • 25. McGill, W. and Ayyub, B. (2007) ‘The meaning of vulnerability in the context of critical infrastructure protection’, in Critical infrastructure protection: Elements of risk, Fairfax: George Mason University, pp. 25–48.
  • 26. Pescaroli, G. and Alexander, D. (2016) ‘Critical infrastructure, panarchies and the vulnerability paths of cascading disasters’, Natural Hazards, 82, pp. 1–18, doi: 10.1007/s11069-016-2186-3.
  • 27. Petit, F.D.P., Bassett, G.W., Black, R., Buehring, W.A., Collins, M.J., Dickinson, D.C., Fisher, R.E., Haffenden, R.A., Huttenga, A.A., Klett, M.S., Phillips, J.A., Thomas, M., Veselka, S.N., Wallace, K.E., Whitfield, R.G. and Peerenboom, J.P. (2013) Resilience measurement index: An indicator of critical infrastructure resilience, Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Argonne National Laboratory.
  • 28. Presidential Policy Directive – PPD21 (2013) Critical infrastructure security and resilience. Available at: https://obamawhitehouse.archiv....security-and-resil (Accessed: 9 October 2021).
  • 29. Pursiainen, C. (2017) ‘Critical infrastructure resilience: A Nordic model in the making?’, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 27, pp. 632–641, doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.08.006.
  • 30. Ranney, M.L., Griffeth, V. and Jha, A.K. (2020) ‘Critical supply shortages – The need for ventilators and personal protective equipment during the Covid-19 pandemic’, New England Journal of Medicine, 382(e41). doi: 10.1056/nejmp2006141.
  • 31. Rehak, D., Senovsky, P. and Slivkova, S. (2018) ‘Resilience of critical infrastructure elements and its main factors’, Systems, 6(2), pp. 125–138, doi: 10.3390/systems602002.
  • 32. Remko, V.H. (2020) ‘Research opportunities for a more resilient post-COVID-19 supply chain – Closing the gap between research findings and industry practice’, International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 40, pp. 341–355. doi: 10.1108/IJOPM-03-2020-0165.
  • 33. Schmid, B., Raju, E. and Jensen, P.K.M. (2021) ‘COVID-19 and business continuity – Learning from the private sector and humanitarian actors in Kenya’, Progress in Disaster Science, 11, pp. 1–8, doi: 10.1016/j.pdisas.2021.100181.
  • 34. Shpiro, S. (2021) ‘Israeli intelligence and the coronavirus crisis’, International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, 34(1), pp. 1–16. doi: 10.1080/08850607.2020.1805711.
  • 35. Smith, D. and Sipika, C. (1993) ‘Back from the brink-post-crisis management’, Long Range Planning, 26, pp. 28–38. doi: 10.1016/0024-6301(93)90230-D.
  • 36. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2019) Good governance for critical infrastructure resilience, OECD Reviews of Risk Management Policies, Paris: OECD Publishing. doi: 10.1787/02f0e5a0-en.
  • 37. World Health Organization (WHO) (2020) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Situation report – 45, Geneva: WHO.
  • 38. Zio, E. (2016) ‘Challenges in the vulnerability and risk analysis of critical infrastructures’, Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 152, pp. 137–150. doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2016.02.009.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-a92ad885-7f9b-4291-9e40-853a686c0ae5
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.