Characterisation of galvanisation effluent using lime-anionic polyacrylamide : A case study from Gauteng, South Africa

• Autorzy: Chauke Tebogo M.D. , Monapathi Mzimkhulu E. , Mashifana Tebogo , Modise Johannes S. , Okoli Bamidele J.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.24425/jwld.2025.153517

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Galvanisation, a critical industrial process for rust prevention, generates effluents containing heavy metals and other pollutants, posing environmental and health risks. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a combined limeanionic polyacrylamide (PAM) treatment to reduce these contaminants from effluent generated by the galvanising industry in Gauteng, South Africa. Effluent samples were collected and analysed for heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Fe) and physicochemical parameters, including electrical conductivity, chloride, and pH, using standard methods. Untreated effluent exhibited high levels of heavy metals, particularly lead, zinc, manganese, and iron, far exceeding local discharge limits. Post-treatment analysis showed substantial reductions in metal concentrations, achieving compliance with regulatory standards, with pH-adjusted to optimal levels for metal hydroxide precipitation. Additionally, chloride concentrations were reduced from 14,383.24 mg∙dm^-3 to 3,890.40 mg∙dm^-3 and electrical conductivity from 130.50 to 21.10 μS∙cm^-1. Despite these improvements, the values still exceeded the municipality’s discharge limits of 500 mg∙dm^-3 for chloride and 0.1 μS∙cm^-1 for conductivity, indicating residual high ion concentrations. While the lime-PAM treatment effectively improved effluent quality, the results suggest a need for supplementary treatments to achieve full compliance with stringent regulatory standards. Overall, the lime-PAM approach shows potential for reducing heavy metals and physicochemical contaminants reduction in galvanising effluent. However, further optimisation and integration of advanced treatment technologies are recommended to enhance efficacy and ensure environmental compliance.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

coagulation; coagulation-flocculation; galvanisation industry; heavy metals; industrial effluent

• Wydawca: Wydawnictwo ITP
• Czasopismo: Journal of Water and Land Development
• Rocznik: 2025
• Tom: no. 64
• Strony: 63--71
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 54 poz., mapy, tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Chauke Tebogo M.D.

• Vaal University of Technology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, Department of Natural Sciences, P. Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa

• https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8811-7267

autor

Monapathi Mzimkhulu E.

• Vaal University of Technology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, Department of Natural Sciences, P. Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9229-7993

autor

Mashifana Tebogo

• University of Johannesburg, Department of Chemical Engineering, Doornfontein, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa

• https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6129-8013

autor

Modise Johannes S.

• Vaal University of Technology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, Department of Natural Sciences, P. Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa

• https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2025-2021

autor

Okoli Bamidele J.

• Bingham University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Karu, P.M.B 005, Nigeria
• Vaal University of Technology, Institute of Chemical and Biotechnology, Southern Gauteng Science and Technology Park, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa

• https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7841-683X

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