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In order to explore the polymorphic transition law for ε-CL-20 in composite systems, the polymorphic transition process of pure ε-CL-20 crystals stimulated by heat was investigated by the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) method, and the kinetic parameters of the polymorphic transition process were calculated (including the apparent activation energy Ea and the pre-exponential factor lnA). Meanwhile the effects of different additives on the polymorphic transition process and kinetics of ε-CL-20 were explored in detail. The experimental results showed that the ε-form tends to transform into the γ- form on heating and that the Ea and lnA for the transition process were 209.97 kJ/mol and 57.47, respectively. The first group of additives clearly promoted the polymorphic transition of ε-CL-20 and lowered the initial transition temperature and the activation energy. The second and third groups of additives inhibited the polymorphic transition of ε-CL-20 and raised the initial transition temperature and the activation energy.
Słowa kluczowe
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
689--702
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 23 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
autor
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
autor
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
autor
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
autor
- Liaoning Qingyang Special Chemical Co. Ltd, Liaoyang 111002, China
autor
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Bibliografia
- [1] Nielsen A.T., Synthesis of Polynitropolyaza Caged Nitramines Chemical Propulsion Information Agency, Publication No. 473, Academic Press, Pittsburgh, 1987.
- [2] Nielsen A.T., Caged Polynitramine Compound, US patent 5693794, 1997.
- [3] Simpson R.L., Urtiev P.A., Ornellas D.L., Moody G.L., Scribner K.J., Hoffman D.M., CL-20 Performance Exceeds that of HMX and Its Sensitivity is Moderate, Propellants Explos. Pyrotech., 1997, 22(5), 249-255.
- [4] Bolotina N.B., Hardie M.J., Speer R.L., Pinkerton A.A., Energetic Materials: Variable-temperature Crystal Structures of γ- and ε-HNIW Polymorphs, J. Appl. Crystallogr., 2004, 37, 808-814.
- [5] Ciezak J.A., Jenkins T.A., Liu Z., Evidence for a High-pressure Phase Transition of ε-2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) using Vibrational Spectroscopy, Propellants Explos. Pyrotech., 2007, 32(6), 472-477.
- [6] Lee M.-H., Kim J.-H., Park Y.-C., Hwang J.-H., Kim W.-S., Control of Crystal Density of ε-Hexanitrohexaazaisowurzitane in Evaporation Crystallization, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2007, 46, 1500-1504.
- [7] Jiang X., Guo X., Ren H., Zhu Y.-L., Jiao Q.-J., Control of Particle Size and Shape of ε-HNIW in Drowning-out Crystallization, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 2012, 45(6), 380-386.
- [8] Jiang X., Guo X., Ren H., Jiao Q., Preparation and Characterization of Desensitized ε-HNIW in Solvent-antisolvent Recrystallizations, Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater., 2012, 9(3), 139-146.
- [9] Ordzhonikidze O., Pivkina A., Frolov Yu., Muravyev N., Monogarov K., Comparative Study of HMX and CL-20, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 2011, 105, 529-534.
- [10] Jin S., Shu Q., Chen S., Shi Y., Preparation of ε-HNIW by a One-pot Method in Concentrated Nitric Acid from Tetraacetyldiformylhexaazaisowurzitane, Propellants Explos. Pyrotech., 2007, 32(6), 468-471.
- [11] Bazaki H., Kawabe S., Miya H., Synthesis and Sensitivity of Haxanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW), Propellants Explos. Pyrotech., 1998, 23(6), 333-336.
- [12] Russell T.P., Miller P.J., Piermarini G.J., Block S., High-pressure Phase Transition in γ-Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane, J. Phys. Chem., 1992, 96(13), 5509-5512.
- [13] Foltz M.F., Coon C.L., Garcia F., Nichols A.L. III, The Thermal Stability of the Polymorphs of Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane, Part I, Propellants Explos. Pyrotech., 1994, 19(1), 19-25.
- [14] Foltz M.F., Coon C.L., Garcia F., Albert L. Nichols III, A.L., The Thermal Stability of the Polymorphs of Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane, Part II, Propellants Explos. Pyrotech., 1994, 19(3), 133-144.
- [15] Nair U.R., Sivabalan R., Gore G.M., Geetha M., Asthana S.N., Singh H., Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) and CL-20-based Formulations (Review), Combust., Explos., Shock Waves (Engl. Transl.), 2005, 41(2), 121-132.
- [16] Zhang P., Guo X., Zhang J., Jiao Q., Application of Liquid Paraffin in Castable CL-20-based PBX, J. Energ. Mater., 2014, 32, 278-292.
- [17] Aldoshin S.M., Aliev Z.G., Goncharov T.K., Korchagin D.V., Milekhin Yu.M., Shishov N.I., New Conformer of 2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20). Crystal and Molecular Structures of the CL-20 Solvate with Glyceryl Triacetate, Russ. Chem. Bull., 2011, 60(7), 1394-1400.
- [18] Bazaki H., Kawabe S., Miya H., Kodama T., Synthesis and Sensitivity of Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW), Propellants Explos. Pyrotech., 1998, 23(6), 333-336.
- [19] Pelikán V., Zeman S., Yan Q.L., Erben M., Elbeih A., Akštein Z., Concerning the Shock Sensitivity of Cyclic Nitramines Incorporated into a Polyisobutylene Matrix, Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater., 2014, 11(2), 219-235.
- [20] Zhang P., Xu J.-J., Guo X.-Y., Jiao Q.-J., Zhang J.-Y., Effect of Additives on Polymorphic Transition of ε-CL-20 in Castable Systems, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 2014, 117, 1001-1008.
- [21] Liu Y., Wang Z.S., Sun J., Huang H., Experimental Study on the ε→γ Phase Transition of HNIW Induced by Heat Stimulation, 43th Int. Annu. Conf. ICT, Karlsruhe, 2012, 96, 1-9.
- [22] Li J., Brill T., Kinetics of Solid Polymorphic Phase Transitions of CL-20, Propellants Explos. Pyrotech., 2007, 32(4), 326-330.
- [23] Vyazovkin S., Wight Ch.A., Isothermal and Non-isothermal Kinetics of Thermally Stimulated Reactions of Solids, Int. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1998, 17(3), 407-433.
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Bibliografia
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