Ftalan dibutylu. Dokumentacja proponowanych dopuszczalnych wielkości narażenia zawodowego

Kupczewska-Dobecka, Małgorzata; Czubacka, Ewelina

doi:10.54215/PiMOSP/4.111.2022

Artykuł - szczegóły

Tytuł artykułu

Ftalan dibutylu. Dokumentacja proponowanych dopuszczalnych wielkości narażenia zawodowego

Autorzy

Kupczewska-Dobecka Małgorzata , Czubacka Ewelina

Treść / Zawartość

Pełne teksty:

malgorzata_kupczewska_dobecka_1_2022.pdf

Pobierz

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.54215/PiMOSP/4.111.2022

Warianty tytułu

Dibutyl phthalate. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)

Języki publikacji

Abstrakty

Ftalan dibutylu (DBP) jest stosowany jako dodatek zmiękczający do żywic i polimerów, a także jako środek żelujący, rozpuszczalnik, środek przeciwpieniący, przy wytwarzaniu farb nitrocelulozowych, włókien szklanych, kosmetyków, osłonek leków, insektycydów oraz jako środek smarny. W dostępnym piśmiennictwie dostępne są jedynie informacje dotyczące narażenia zawodowego na mieszaninę par i aerozoli plastyfikatorów ftalanowych. U narażonych na ftalany przy produkcji mężczyzn stwierdzono polineuropatie. Ftalan dibutylu jest zaklasyfikowany jako substancja działająca szkodliwie na rozrodczość kategorii zagrożenia 1B. Wartość LOAEL dla działania na rozrodczość manifestującego się istotnym i zależnym od dawki zwiększeniem częstości występowania morfologicznie nieprawidłowych plemników u szczurów wynosi 31 mg/kg mc./dzień. Z kolei u myszy obserwowano zmniejszenie masy jąder, opóźnienie spermatogenezy oraz zaburzenia dojrzewania komórek Sertolego w wyniku narażenia na ftalan dibutylu w dawce ≥1 mg/kg mc./dzień. Za skutek krytyczny działania ftalanu dibutylu przyjęto działanie drażniące na drogi oddechowe oraz działanie na rozrodczość. Jako podstawę wyliczenia wartości NDS przyjęto wyniki 4-tygodniowego doświadczenia na szczurach. Za wartość NOAEC dla miejscowego działania drażniącego na drogi oddechowe przyjęto stężenie 1,18 mg/m³ . Na podstawie przeprowadzonych obliczeń zaproponowano przyjąć stężenie 0,6 mg/m³ jako wartość NDS dla par i aerozoli ftalanu dibutylu. Nie ustalono wartości chwilowej, NDSCh.

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is used as a softening additive for resins and polymers, and as a solvent, defoamer, in the production of nitrocellulose paints, glass fibers, cosmetics, drug casings, insecticides. The available literature provides information on occupational exposure to a mixture of vapors and aerosols of phthalate plasticizers only. Polyneuropathy was found in men exposed to phthalates during production. Dibutyl phthalate is classified as toxic for reproduction category 1B. The LOAEL for reproductive effects, as manifested by a significant and dose-dependent increase in the incidence of morphologically abnormal sperm in rats, is 31 mg/kg bw/day. In turn, in mice, decreased testicular weight, delayed spermatogenesis and impaired maturation of Sertoli cells were observed as a result of exposure to dibutyl phthalate at a dose of ≥ 1 mg/kg bw/day. Irritation to the respiratory tract and effect on reproduction were considered to be a critical effect of dibutyl phthalate. The results of a 4-week experiment on rats were used as the basis for the calculation of the MAC value. The concentration of 1.18 mg/m³ was adopted as the NOAEC. It was proposed to assume the concentration of 0.6 mg/m³ as the MAC value. Short term exposure value has not been established.

Słowa kluczowe

ftalan dibutylu NDS narażenie zawodowe skutki toksyczne nauki o zdrowiu inżynieria środowiska

dibutyl phthalate OEL MAC occupational exposure toxic effects health sciences environmental engineering

Wydawca

Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy

Czasopismo

Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy

Rocznik

2022

Tom

Nr 1 (111)

Strony

81--131

Opis fizyczny

Bibliogr. 194 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Kupczewska-Dobecka Małgorzata

Malgorzata.Dobecka@imp.lodz.pl

Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dr. med. Jerzego Nofera 91-348 Łódź, ul. św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8 POLAND

https://orcid.org//0000-0001-9633-9428

autor

Czubacka Ewelina

Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dr. med. Jerzego Nofera 91-348 Łódź, ul. św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8 POLAND

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6158-536X

Bibliografia

1. Abe S., Sasaki M. (1977). Chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster cells exposed to various chemicals. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58(6), 1635–1641.
2. ACGIH (2001). Dibutyl phthalate. Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs with other worldwide occupational exposure values.
3. ACGIH (2019). TLVs and BEIs threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices.
4. Ahmad R., Gautam A.K., Verma Y. i in. (2014). Effects of in utero di-butyl phthalate and butyl benzyl phthalate exposure on offspring development and male reproduction of rat. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 21, 3156–3165.
5. Albro P.W., Moore B. (1974). Identification of the metabolites of simple phthalate diesters in rat urine. J. Chromatogr. 94, 209–218.
6. Aly H.A.A., Hassan M.H., El-Beshbishy H.A. i in. (2015). Dibutyl phthalate induces oxidative stress and impairs spermatogenesis in adult rats. Toxicol. Ind. Health doi: 10.1177/0748233714566877.
7. Agarwal D.K., Lawrence W.H., Nunez L.J. i in. (1985). Mutagenicity evaluation of phthalic acid esters and metabolites in Salmonella typhimurium cultures. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 16, 61–69.
8. Aldyreva M.V., Klimova T.S., Iziumova A.S. i in. (1975). [The effect of phtalate plasticizers on the generative function]. Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. 12, 25–29 [cyt. za: IPCS 1997].
9. Anderson W.A., Castle L., Scotter M.J. i in. (2001). A biomarker approach to quantify human dietary exposure to phthalates, risk assessment and communication for food safety [Abstract]. Presented at the first joint CSL/JIFSAN symposium on food safety and nutrition 20-22 June 2000, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, UK [cyt. za: RAR 2004].
10. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry), (2001). Toxicological profile for di-nbutylphthalate. Update, US Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA, USA.
11. Aylward L.L., Hays S.M., Gagné M. i in. (2009). Derivation of biomonitoring equivalents for di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BzBP), and diethyl phthalate (DEP). Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 55(3), 259–267.
12. Barber E.D., Astill B.D., Moran E.J. i in. (1987). Peroxisome induction studies on seven phthalate esters. Toxicol. Ind. Health 2, 7–24.
13. Barlow N.J., Foster P.M. (2003). Pathogenesis of male reproductive tract lesions from gestation through adulthood following in utero exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate. Toxicol. Pathol. 31, 397–410.
14. BASF (1957). Confidential report. Abteilung Toxikologie, unveroeffentlichte Untersuchung, V/282. Dated 11.04.1957 [cyt. za: RAR 2004].
15. BASF (1961). Confidential data. Bericht über die toxikologische Prüfung von Palatinol C, IC, AH, DN und VII/3-6. IX/418. Dated 10.01.1961 [cyt. za: RAR 2004].
16. BASF (1990a). Confidential report. Report on the acute dermal irritation/corrositivity to the intact dorsal skin of dibutylphthalate in white rabbits. Project No.: 18H0449/892113. Dated 12.02.1990 [cyt. za: RAR 2004].
17. BASF (1990b). Confidential report. Report on the acute irritation to the eye of dibutylphthalate in white rabbits. Project No.: 11H0449/892114. Dated 12.02.1990 [cyt za: RAR 2004].
18. BASF (1990c). Confidential report. Report on the maximization test for sensitizing potential of dibutylphthalate in guinea pigs. Project No. 30H0449/892115. Dated 1 March 1990 [cyt. za: RAR 2004].
19. BASF (1990d). Confidential report. Department Toxicology. Cytogenetic study in vivo of dibutylphthalate in mice micronucleus test. Single oral administration. Project No.: 26M0449/894382. Dated 3 April 1990 [cyt. za: RAR 2004].
20. BASF AG (2000). Di-n-butyl phthalate – subacute inhalation study in Wistar rats. 20 Exposures as a liquid aerosol. Project No. 4010486/98063, 09 February 2000,
21. BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen/Rhein, unpublished report [cyt. za: MAK 2013].
22. BIBRA (1986). Confidential report to Chemical Manufacturers Association. Project No. 3.0495/3/85. Report No. 0495/3/85. CMA Ref. PE 28.0-BT-BIB. A 21-day feeding study of di-n-butylphthalate to rats: effects on the liver and liver lipids. Dated February 1986 [cyt. za: RAR 2004].
23. BIBRA (1987). Toxicity profile on dibutyl phthalate (DBP), dated March 1987 [cyt. za: RAR 2004]. BIBRA (1990). Confidential Report.
24. BIBRA Project No. 3.0826. BIBRA Report No. 826/2/90. An investigation of the effect of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) on rat hepatic peroxisomes. Dated January 1990 [cyt. za: RAR 2004].
25. Bronaugh R.L., Stewart R.F., Congdon E.R. i in. (1982). Methods for in vitro percutaneous absorption studies. I. Comparison with in vivo results. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 62, 474–480.
26. BUA (1987). German Chemical Society. GDCh-Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance. Dibutylphthalate, BUA-Report 22, December 1987 [cyt. za: RAR 2004].
27. Cagianut B. (1954). Keratitis erosiva und Nephritis toxica nach Einnahme von Dibutylphthalat. Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 84, 1243–1244 [cyt. za: RAR 2004].
28. Cahill T.M., Cousins I., Mackay D. (2003). Development and application of a generalized physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for multiple environmental contaminants. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 22, 26–34.
29. Calafat A.M., Ye X., Silva M.J. i in. (2006). Human exposure assessment to environmental chemicals using biomonitoring. Int. J. Androl. 29, 166–171.
30. Calnan C.D. (1975). Dibutyl phthalate. Contact Dermatitis 1, 388.
31. Cater B.R., Cook M.W., Gangolli S.D. i in. (1977). Studies on dibutylphthalate-induced testicular atrophy in the rat: effect on zinc metabolism. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 41(3), 609– 618.
32. CDC (2013). Fourth National Report on human exposure to environmental chemicals, updated tables. Atlanta: Center for Disease Control.
33. Chen X., An H., Ao L. i in. (2011). The combined toxicity of dibutyl phthalate and benzo(a)pyrene on the reproductive system of male Sprague Dawley rats in vivo. J. Hazard Mater. 186(1), 835–841.
34. COM (2001). Commission of the European Communities (COM (2001) 262). Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the implementation of the Community Strategy for Endocrine Disruptors – a range of substances suspected of interfering the hormone systems of humans and wildlife (COM (1999) 706). Brussels, 14.06.2001.
35. Committee on the Health Risks of Phthalates, National Research Council (2008). Phthalates and Cumulative Risk Assessment The Task Ahead. Washinghton [http://www.nap. edu/catalog/12528.html, dostęp: 13.06.2019].
36. Cummings A.M., Gray L.E. Jr. (1987). Dibutyl phthalate: maternal effects versus fetotoxicity. Toxicol. Lett. 39, 43–50.
37. Dobrzyńska M.M., Tyrkiel E.J., Pachocki K.A. (2011). Developmental toxicity in mice following paternal exposure to di-nbutyl phthalate (DBP). Biomed. Environ. Sci. 24(5), 569–578.
38. Dobrzyńska M.M. (2016). Phthalates – widespread occurence and the effect on male gametes. Part 2. The effects of phthalates on male gametes and on the offspring. Rocz. Państw. Zakł. Hig. 67(3), 209–221.
39. Drake A.J., van den Driesche S., Scott H.M. i in. (2009). Glucocorticoids amplify dibutyl phthalate-induced disruption of testosterone production and male reproductive development. Endocrinology 150(11), 5055–5064.
40. Duty S.M., Silva M.J., Barr D.B. i in. (2003). Phthalate exposure and human semen parameters. Epidemiology 14(3), 269–277.
41. Duty S.M., Calafat A.M., Silva M.J. i in. (2005). Phthalate exposure and reproductive hormones in adult men. Hum. Reprod. 20, 604–610.
42. ECHA (2008). Dibutyl phthalate. Member State Committee support document for identification of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as a substance of very high concern. Adopted on 1 October 2008.
43. ECHA (2010). Evaluation of new scientific evidence concerning the restrictions contained in Annex XVII to regulation (EC) NO 1907/2006 (REACH) review of new available information for dibutyl phthalate (DBP) CAS NO 84-74-2 EINECS NO 201-557-4 – review report [https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13641/dbp_echa_review_report_2010_6_ en.pdf, dostęp: 13.06.2019].
44. ECHA (2019). Dibutyl phthalate Registration Dossier [https:// echa.europa.eu/pl/information-on-chemicals/registered-substances/-/disreg/substance/100.001.416, dostęp: 13.06.2019].
45. Elsisi A.E., Carter D.E., Sipes I.G. (1989). Dermal absorption of phthalate diesters in rats. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 12, 70–77.
46. Ema M. (2002). Antiandrogenic effects of dibutyl phthalate and is metabolite, monobutyl phthalate, in rats. Congenit. Anom. 42, 297–308.
47. Ema M., Amano H., Itami T. i in. (1993). Teratogenic evaluation of di-n-butylphthalate in rats. Toxicol. Lett. 69, 197–203.
48. Ema M., Amano H., Ogawa Y. (1994). Characterization of the developmental toxicity of di-n-butyl phthalate in rats. Toxicology 86, 163–174.
49. Ema M., Harazono A., Miyawaki E. i in. (1997). Developmental effects of di-n-butyl phthalate after a single administration in rats. J. Appl. Toxicol. 17(4), 223–229.
50. Ema M., Miyawaki E., Kawashima K. (1998). Further evaluation of developmental toxicity of di-n-butyl phthalate following administration during late pregenancy of rats. Toxicol. Lett. 98, 87–93.
51. Ema M., Miyawaki E., Kawashima K. (2000a). Critical period for adverse effects on development of reproductive system in male offspring of rats given di-n-butyl phthalate during late pregnancy. Toxicol. Lett. 111, 271–278.
52. Ema M., Miyawaki E., Kawashima K. (2000b). Effects of dibutyl phthalate on reproductive function in pregnant and pseudopregnant rats. Reprod. Toxicol. 14, 13–19. European Chemicals Bureau (2003).
53. European Union Risk Assessment Report, Dibutyl Phthalate (84-74-2) 1st Priority List Vol 29 p. 96 Report 003 (https://echa.europa.eu/ documents/10162/fcd6797a-395c-4f40-83b5-38653200f6cb, dostęp: 13.06.2019).
54. Farombi E.O., Abarikwu S.O., Adedara I.A. i in. (2007). Curcumin and kolaviron ameliorate di-n-butylphthalate-induced testicular damage in rats. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 100, 43–48.
55. Fisher J.S., Macpherson S., Marchetti N. i in. (2003). Human ‘testicular dysgenesis syndrome’: a possible model using in-utero exposure of the rat to dibutyl phthalate. Hum. Reprod. 18, 1383–1394.
56. Foster P.M. (2005). Mode of action: impaired fetal Leydig cell function – effects on male reproductive development produced by certain phthalate esters. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 35, 713–719.
57. Foster P.M. (2006). Disruption of reproductive development in male rat offspring following in utero exposure to phthalate esters. Int. J. Androl. 29, 140–147.
58. Foster P.M., Cook M.W., Thomas L.V. i in. (1983). Differences in urinary metabolic profile from di-n-butylphthalate-treated rats and hamsters: a possible explanation for species differences in susceptibility to testicular atrophy. Drug Metabol. Disp. 11(1), 59–61.
59. Fukuoka M., Tanimoto T., Zhou Y. i in. (1989). Mechanism of testicular atrophy induced by di-n-butyl phthalate in rats. Part 1. J. Appl. Toxicol. 9(4), 277–283.
60. Fukuoka M., Zhou Y., Tanaka A. i in. (1990). Mechanism of testicular atrophy induced by di-n-butyl phthalate in rats. Part 2. The effects on some testicular enzymes. J. Appl. Toxicol. 10(4), 285–293.
61. Fukuoka M., Kobayashi T., Zhou Y. i in. (1993). Mechanism of testicular atrophy induced by di-n-butyl phthalate in rats. Part 4. Changes in the activity of succinate dehydrogenase and the levels of transferrin and ferritin in the Sertoli and germ cells. J. Appl. Toxicol. 13(4), 241–246.
62. Fukuoka M., Kobayashi T., Hayakawa T. (1994). Mechanism of testicular atrophy induced by di-n-butyl phthalate in rats. VI. A possible origin of testicular iron depletion. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 17(12), 1609–1612.
63. Fukuoka M., Kobayashi T, Hayakawa T. (1995). Mechanism of testicular atrophy induced by di-n-butyl phthalate in rats. Part 5. Testicular iron depletion and levels of ferritin, haemoglobin and transferrin in the bone marrow, liver and spleen. J. Appl. Toxicol. 15(5), 379–386.
64. Gallinger Z., Nguyen G.C. (2013). Presence of phthalates in gastrointestinal medications: is there a hidden danger? World J. Gastroenterol. 19(41), 7042–7047.
65. Gamer A.O. i in. (2000). Di-n-butyl phthalate – subacute inhalation study in Wistar rats. 20 Exposures as a liquid aerosol. Confidential report from BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen/Rhein, Germany. Project No. 4010486/98063, dated February 09, 2000 (cyt. za: MAK 2013; 2016; RAR 2004; SCOEL 2016).
66. GESTIS (2018). Komputerowa baza danych, aktualizacja: kwiecień 2018 [https://limitvalue.ifa.dguv.de/WebForm_ueliste2.aspx, dostęp: 27.05.2019].
67. Gilioli R., Bulgherain C., Terrana T. i in. (1978). Horizontal and longitudinal study of a population employed in the production of phthalates. Med. Lav. 69, 620–631.
68. Giribabu N., Sainath S.B., Sreenivasula Reddy P. (2014). Prenatal di-n-butyl phthalate exposure alters reproductive functions at adulthood in male rats. Environ. Toxicol. 29(5), 534–544.
69. Göen T., Dobler L., Koschorreck J. i in. (2011). Trends of the internal phthalate exposure of young adults in Germany – follow-up of a retrospective human biomonitoring study. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 215(1), 36–45.
70. Gray T.J., Rowland I.R., Foster P.M. i in. (1982). Species difference in the testicular toxicity of phthalate esters. Toxicol. Lett. 11, 141–147.
71. Gray L.E. Jr, Laskey J.W., Ostby J. i in. (1983). The effects of dibutyl phthalate on the reproductive tract of the male and female rat and hamster. Toxicologist 3, 22.
72. Gray L.E. Jr, Laskey J., Ostby J. (2006). Chronic di-n-butyl phthalate exposure in rats reduces fertility and alters ovarian function during pregnancy in female Long Evans hooded rats. Toxicol. Sci. 93, 189–195.
73. Greenough R.J. i in. (1981). Confidential Report from Inveresk Research International to Hüls AG. Report No. 1956. Safety tests of Vestinol C Dibutylphthalate. IRI Project No. 416746. Dated February 1981 [cyt. za: RAR 2004].
74. Hallmark N., Walker M., McKinnell C. i in. (2007). Effects of monobutyl and di(n-butyl) phthalate in vitro on steroidogenesis and Leydig cell aggregation in fetal testis explants from the rat: comparison with effects in vivo in the fetal rat and neonatal marmoset and in vitro in the human. Environ. Health Perspect. 115(3), 390–396.
75. Harris C.A., Henttu P., Parker M.G. i in. (1997). The estrogenic activity of phthalate esters in vitro. Environ. Health Perspect. 105(8), 802–811.
76. Hartwig A. (red.), (2010). Gesundheitsschädliche Arbeitsstoffe. Toxikologisch medizinische Begründungen von MAK-Werten, 48. Lieferung, Di-n-butylphthalat, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
77. Hauser R., Meeker J.D., Duty S. i in. (2006). Altered semen quality in relation to urinary concentrations of phthalate monoester and oxidative metabolites. Epidemiology 17(6), 682–691.
78. Healthy Stuff (2014-2019). A project of the Ecology Center. Phthalates: Toxic Chemicals in Vinyl Plastic [https://www. ecocenter.org/healthy-stuff/reports/vinyl-floor-tiles/flooring_phthalate_hazards, dostęp: 17.06.2019].
79. Higuchi T.T., Palmer J.S., Gray L.E. Jr i in. (2003). Effects of dibutyl phthalate in male rabbits following in utero, adolescent, or postpubertal exposure. Toxicol. Sci. 72, 301–313.
80. Howdeshell K.L., Wilson V.S., Furr J. i in. (2008). A mixture of five phthalate esters inhibits fetal testicular testosterone production in the Sprague-Dawley rat in a cumulative, dose-additive manner. Toxicol. Sci. 105(1), 153–165.
81. HSDB (2019). Hazardous Substances Data Bank – komputerowa baza danych [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/source/hsdb/922, dostęp: 13.06.2019].
82. Husain S.L. (1975). Dibutyl phthalate sensitivity. Contact Dermatitis 1(6), 395 [cyt. za: IPCS 1997].
83. IRIS (1987). Integrated Risk Information System. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment. Dibutyl phthalate.
84. IRDC (1984). International Research and Development Corporation. Confidential Report to Monsanto Chemical Company provided by Hüls AG. Test Article: Dibutyl Phthalate. Subject: Study of Fertility and General Reproductive Performance in Rats (IR-83-145). Dated: December 3, 1984 [cyt. za: RAR 2004].
85. Ishidate M. Jr, Odashima S. (1977). Chromosome tests with 134 compounds on Chinese hamster cells in vitro – a screening for chemical carcinogens. Mutat. Res. 48, 337–354.
86. Ivell R., Heng K., Nicholson H. i in. (2013). Brief maternal exposure of rats to the xenobiotics dibutyl phthalate or diethylstilbestrol alters adult-type Leydig cell development in male offspring. Asian J. Androl. 15, 261–268.
87. Izmerov N.F., Sanotsky I.V., Sidorov K.K. (1982). Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single exposure. UNEP/IRPTC. Centre of Intern. Proj. Moscow 44. [In:] D.E. Mulder i in. (1986). Review of literature on diethylphthalate, dibutylphthalate and benzylbutylphthlate [cyt. za: RAR 2004].
88. Jackson E.M. (2007). Subungual penetration of dibutyl phthalate in human fingernails. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 2008, 21, 10–14.
89. Janjua N.R., Mortensen G.K., Andersson A.M. i in. (2007). Systemic uptake of diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and butyl paraben following whole-body topical application and reproductive and thyroid hormone levels in humans. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 5564–5570.
90. Jansen E.H.J.M. i in. (1993). Confidential Report from the National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), the Netherlands to the Dutch Chief Inspectorate of Health Protection. Report nr. 618902013 [cyt. za: RAR 2004].
91. Jobling S., Reynolds T., White R. i in. (1995). A variety of environmentally persistent chemicals, including some phthalate plasticizers, are weakly estrogenic. Environ. Health Perspect. 103(6), 582–587.
92. Jönsson B.A., Richthoff J., Rylander L. i in. (2005). Urinary phthalate metabolites and biomarkers of reproductive function in young men. Epidemiology 16, 487–493.
93. Kaaber S., Thulin H., Nilsen E. (1979). Skin sensitivity to denture base materials in the burning mouth syndrome. Contact Dermatitis 5(2), 90–96.
94. Kavlock R., Boekelheide K., Chapin R. i in. (2002). NTP Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction: phthalates expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of di-n-butyl phthalate. Reprod. Toxicol. 16, 489–527.
95. Kawano M. (1980). [Toxicological studies on phthalate esters. 2. Metabolism, accumulation and excretion of phthalate esters in rats]. Jap. J. Hyg. 35(4), 693–701.
96. Kim T., Shin J., Lee S. i in. (2004). Effects of in utero exposure of diethylstilbestrol and dibutyl phthalate on the testis descent in rat offspring. Toxicologist 78, 118.
97. Kleymenova E., Swanson C., Boekelheide K. i in. (2005). Exposure in utero to di(n-butyl) phthalate alters the vimentin cytoskeleton of fetal rat Sertoli cells and disrupts Sertoli cell-gonocyte contact. Biol. Reprod. 73, 482–490.
98. Koch H.M., Preuss R., Drexler H. i in. (2005). Exposure of nursery school children and their parents and teachers to di-n-butylphtalate and butylbenzylphtalate. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 78, 223–229.
99. Koch H.M., Christensen K.L., Harth V. i in. (2012). Di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) metabolism in a human volunteer after single oral doses. Arch. Toxicol. 86, 1829–1839.
100. Kurata H. (1975). Studies on the mutagenic effects of phthalates. Report to Ministry of Health and Welfare (Japan), Scientific Research on Food Hygiene Program. [W:] Y. Omori. Recent progress in safety evaluation studies on plasticizers and plastics and their controlled use in Japan. Environ. Health Perspect. 1976, 17, 203–209 [cyt. za: RAR 2004].
101. Kwack S.J., Kim K.B., Kim H.S. i in. (2009). Comparative toxicological evaluation of phthalate diesters and metabolites in Sprague-Dawley male rats for risk assessment. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A. 72(21–22), 1446–1454.
102. Lake B.G., Philips J.C., Linnell J.C. i in. (1977). The in vitro hydrolysis of some phthalate diesters by hepatic and intestinal preparations from various species. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 39, 239–248.
103. Lamb J.C. IV, Chapin R.E., Teague J. i in. (1987). Reproductive effects of four phthalic acid esters in the mouse. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 88, 255–269.
104. Latini G., Del Vecchio A., Massaro M. i in. (2006). Phthalate exposure and male infertility. Toxicology 226(2–3), 90–98.
105. Lee K.Y., Shibutani M., Takagi H. i in. (2004). Diverse developmental toxicity of di-n-butyl phthalate in both sexes of rat offspring after maternal exposure during the period from late gestation through lactation. Toxicology 203(1–3), 221–238.
106. Lehmann K.P., Phillips S., Sar M. i in. (2004). Dose-dependent alterations in gene expression and testosterone synthesis in the fetal testes of male rats exposed to di (n-butyl) phthalate. Toxicol. Sci. 81, 60–68.
107. List of MAK and BAT Values (2017) [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/9783527812110, dostep: 13.06.2019].
108. Litton Bionetics (1985). Confidential Report to Chemical Manufacturers Association. Evaluation of 1C in the in vitro transformation of Balb/3T3 cells assay. Final Report. LBI Project No.: 20922. Report Date: April 1985 [cyt. za: RAR 2004].
109. Liu K., Lehmann K.P., Sar M. i in. (2005). Gene expression profiling following in utero exposure to phthalate esters reveals new gene targets in the etiology of testicular dysgenesis. Biol. Reprod. 73, 180–192.
110. Mahood I.K., Scott H.M., Brown R. i in. (2007). In utero exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate and testicular dysgenesis: Comparison of fetal and adult end points and their dose sensitivity. Environ. Health Persp. 115(Suppl 1), 55–61.
111. Main K.M., Mortensen G.K., Kaleva M.M. i in. (2006). Human breast milk contamination with phthalates and alterations of endogenous reproductive hormones in infants three months of age. Environ. Health Perspect. 114, 270–276.
112. MAK (2013). Di-n-butyl phthalate. The MAK-Collection Part I, MAK Value Documentations 2013 DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft © 2013 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ doi/pdf/10.1002/3527600418.mb8474yole4813, dostęp: 27.05.2019] (English).
113. MAK (2016). Di-n-butylphthalat. The MAK Collection for Occupational Health and Safety 2017, Vol. 2, No. 1 [https:// onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/3527600418. mb8474yold0062, dostęp: 13.06.2019] (German).
114. Marsee K., Woodruff T.J., Axelrad D.A. i in. (2006). Estimated daily phthalate exposures in a population of mothers of male infants exhibiting reduced anogenital distance. Environ. Health Perspect. 114(6), 805–809.
115. Men’shikova T.A. (1971). [Hygienic evaluation of dibutylphthalate in relation to the use of polymer finishes in shipboard living quarters]. Hyg. Sanit. 36, 349–353.
116. Metoda OECD TG 412 Toksyczność podostra – narażenie inhalacyjne: badanie 28-dniowe. [W:] Rozporządzenie Komisji (UE) Nr 260/2014 z dnia 24 stycznia 2014 r. zm., w celu dostosowania do postępu technicznego, rozporządzenie (WE) nr 440/2008 ustalające metody badań zgodnie z rozporządzeniem (WE) nr 1907/2006 Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady w sprawie rejestracji, oceny, udzielania zezwoleń i stosowanych ograniczeń w zakresie chemikaliów (REACH).
117. Milkov L.E., Aldyreva M.V., Popova T.B. i in. (1973). Health status of workers exposed to phthalate plasticizers in the manufacture of artificial leather and films based on PVC resins. Environ. Health Perspect. 3, 175–178.
118. Mitsuhashi M., Morimura K., Wanibuchi H. i in. (2004). Di-nbutyl phthalate is toxic to the male reproductive system and its toxicity is enhanced by thioacetamide induced liver injury. J. Toxicol. Pathol. 17, 177–185.
119. Moody S., Goh H., Bielanowicz A. i in. (2013). Prepubertal mouse testis growth and maturation and androgen production are acutely sensitive to di-n-butyl phthalate. Endocrinology 154(9), 3460–3475.
120. Morissey R.E., Lamb J.C. IV, Morris R.W. i in. (1989) Results and evaluation of 48 continuous breeding reproduction studies conducted in mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 13, 747–777.
121. Mylchreest E., Cattley R.C., Foster P.M. (1998). Male reproductive tract malformations in rats following gestational and lactational exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate: an antiandrogenic mechanism? Toxicol. Sci. 43, 47–60.
122. Mylchreest E., Sar M., Cattley R.C. i in. (1999). Disruption of androgen-regulated male reproductive development by di(n-butyl) phthalate during late gestation in rats is different from flutamide. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 156, 81–95.
123. Mylchreest E., Wallace D.G., Cattley R.C. i in. (2000). Dose-dependent alteration in androgen-regulated male reproductive development in rats exposed to di(n-butyl) phthalate during late gestation Toxicol. Sci. 55, 143–151.
124. Mylchreest E., Sar M., Wallace D.G. i in. (2002). Fetal testosterone insufficiency and abnormal proliferation of Leydig cells and gonocytes in rats exposed to di(n-butyl) phthalate. Reprod. Toxicol. 16, 19–28.
125. Nassan F.L., Coull B.A., Skakkebæk N.E. i in. (2016). A crossover–crossback prospective study of dibutyl-phthalate exposure from mesalamine medications and semen quality in men with inflammatory bowel disease. Environ. Int. 95, 120–130.
126. Nassan F.L., Korevaar T.I.M., Coull B.A. i in. (2019). Dibutyl-phthalate exposure from mesalamine medications and serum thyroid hormones in men. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 222, 201–110.
127. NIOSH (2011). NIOSH Pocket Guide.
128. NTP (1995). National Toxicology Program. Toxicity Report Series Number 30. by D.S. Marsman. NTP Technical Report on toxicity studies of dibutyl phthalate (CAS No. 84-74-2). Administered in feed to F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. NIH Publication 95-3353. US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. Dated April 1995.
129. NTP (2000). NTP-CERHR expert panel report on dinbutyl phthalate. Alexandria, VA: Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Toxicology Program. NTP- -CERHR-DBP-00 [https://www.academia.edu/18726458/ NTP_Center_for_the_Evaluation_of_Risks_to_Human_Reproduction_phthalates_expert_panel_report_on_the_reproductive_and_developmental_toxicity_of_di_n_butyl_phthalate, dostęp: 13.06.2019].
130. NTP (2002). Dibutyl phthalate (CAS No. 84-74-2): Multigenerational reproductive assessment by continuous breeding when administered to Sprague-Dawley rats in the diet. NTP Report # RACB97003, US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (abstrakt).
131. Oishi S., Hiraga K. (1980). Testicular atrophy induced by phthalic acid esters: effect on testosterone and zinc concentrations. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 53, 35–41.
132. Oliwiecki S., Beck M.H., Chalmers R.J. (1991). Contact dermatitis from spectacle frames and hearing aid containing diethyl phthalate. Contact Dermatitis 25, 264–265.
133. Pałaszewska-Tkacz A., Czerczak S. (2012). Ftalan dibutylu – frakcja wdychalna. Dokumentacja dopuszczalnych wielkości narażenia zawodowego. Podst. Metod. Ocen. Srod. Pr. 3(73), 37–70.
134. Peixoto A.R., Santos T.M., Brandt J.Z. i in. (2016). Gestational and lactational exposition to Di-N-butyl-phthalate (DBP) increases inflammation and preneoplastic lesions in prostate of Wistar rats after carcinogenic N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) plus testosterone protocol. Environ. Toxicol. 31, 1185–1195.
135. PETI Committee (2019). Endocrine Disruptors: from scientific evidence to human health protection. Petitions. March, 2019.
136. Plummer S., Hallmark N., Sharpe R. i in. (2005). Identification of gene clusters and signaling pathways affected by dibutyl phthalate – nuclear receptor interactions in foetal rat testes. Toxicologist 79, 463.
137. Projekt dyrektywy KE. Dyrektywa delegowana Komisji (UE) …/… z dnia 31.03.2015 r. zmieniająca załącznik II do dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady 2011/65/UE w odniesieniu do wykazu substancji objętych ograniczeniem [http:// ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/3/2015/PL/3-2015- 2067-PL-F1-1.PDF, dostęp: 17.06.2019].
138. Pugh G. Jr, Isenberg J.S., Kamendulis L.M. i in. (2000). Effects of di-isononyl phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, and clofibrate in cynomolgus monkeys. Toxicol. Sci. 2000, 181–188.
139. Queiroz E.K., Waissmann W. (2006). Occupational exposure and effects on the male reproductive system. Cad. Saude Publica 22(3), 485–493 [abstrakt].
140. RAC, Commitee for Risk Assessment (2012). Opinion on Annex XV dossier proposing restrictions on four phthalates. ECHA/RAC/RES-O-0000001412-86-07/F.
141. RAR, Risk Assessment Report (2004). Dibutyl phthalate, 1st Priority List Vol. 29 [https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/04f79b21-0b6d-4e67-91b9-0a70d4ea7500, dostęp: 13.06.2019].
142. Rhodes C., Orton T.C., Pratt I.S. i in. (1986). Comparative pharmacokinetics and subacute toxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in rats and marmosets: extrapolation of effects in rodents to man. Environ. Health Perspect. 65, 299–308.
143. Rolecki R., Majka J. (1995). Dwubutylu ftalan. Dokumentacja proponowanych wartości dopuszczalnych poziomów narażenia zawodowego. Podst. Metod. Ocen. Srod. Pr. 13, 169–192.
144. Rowland I.R., Cottrell R.C., Phillips J.C. (1977). Hydrolysis of phthalate esters by the gastro-intestinal contents of the rat. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 15, 17–21.
145. Rozporządzenie (WE) nr 1907/2006 z dnia 18 grudnia 2006 r. w sprawie rejestracji, oceny, udzielania zezwoleń i stosowanych ograniczeń w zakresie chemikaliów (REACH) i utworzenia Europejskiej Agencji Chemikaliów, zmieniające dyrektywę 1999/45/WE oraz uchylające rozporządzenie Rady (EWG) nr 793/93 i rozporządzenie Komisji (WE) nr 1488/94, jak również dyrektywę Rady 76/769/EWG i dyrektywy Komisji 91/155/EWG, 93/67/EWG, 93/105/WE i 2000/21/WE (ze zmianami), (Dz. Urz. UE L 396 z 30.12.2006).
146. Rozporządzenie Komisji (UE) nr 143/2011 z dnia 17 lutego 2011 r. zmieniające załącznik XIV do rozporządzenia (WE) nr 1907/2006 Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady REACH (Dz. Urz. L 44 z 18.02.2011).
147. Rozporządzenie Ministra Rodziny, Pracy i Polityki Społecznej z dnia 12 czerwca 2018 r. w sprawie najwyższych dopuszczalnych stężeń i natężeń czynników szkodliwych dla zdrowia w środowisku pracy (Dz.U. 2018, poz. 1286 ze zm. Rozporządzenie MRPiPS z dnia 9.01.2020 r. zmieniające rozporządzenie w sprawie NDS i NDN, Dz.U. 2020, poz. 61 i Rozporządzenie MRPiPS z dnia 18.02.2021 r. zmieniające rozporządzenie w sprawie NDS i NDN (Dz U 2021, poz. 325).
148. Rozporządzenie Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (WE) nr 1272/2008 z dnia 16 grudnia 2008 r. w sprawie klasyfikacji, oznakowania i pakowania substancji i mieszanin, zmieniające i uchylające dyrektywy 67/648/EWG i 1999/45/WE oraz zmieniające rozporządzenie WE nr 1907/2006 (Dz. Urz. UE L 353 z 31.12.2008 r. str. 1) z 1 ATP (Dz. Urz. UE L 235 z 5.09.2009 r.).
149. RTECS (2014). Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – komputerowa baza danych.
150. Saffarini C.M., Heger N.E., Yamasaki H. i in. (2012). Induction and persistence of abnormal testicular germ cells following gestational exposure to di-(n-butyl) phthalate in p53-null mice. J. Androl. 33(3), 505–513.
151. Saillenfait A.M., Payan J.P., Fabry J.P. i in. (1998). Assessment of the developmental toxicity, metabolism and placental transfer of Di-n-butyl phthalate administered to pregnant rats. Toxicol. Sci. 45(2), 212–224.
152. Scarano W.R., de Toledo F.C., Guerra M.T. i in. (2009). Longterm effects of developmental exposure to di-n-butyl-phthalate (DBP) on rat prostate: proliferative and inflammatory disorders and a possible role of androgens. Toxicology 262, 215–223.
153. Scarano W.R., Toledo F.C., Guerra M.T. i in. (2010). Functional and morphological reproductive aspects in male rats exposed to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in utero and during lactation. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 73, 972–984.
154. Schultz V.D., Phillips S., Sar M. i in. (2001). Altered gene profiles in fetal rat testes after in utero exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate. Toxicol. Sci. 64(2), 233–242.
155. SCOEL (2016). European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, Hartwig A., Klein C., Papameletiou D. SCOEL/REC/143 Di-n-butyl phthalate: recommendation from the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits, Publications Office, 2017 [https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2767/27130, dostęp: 13.06.2019].
156. Schilling K., Deckard K., Kaufmann W. i in. (1992). Confidential Report from BASF, Department of Toxicology. Study of the oral toxicity of dibutyl phthalate in Wistar rats. Administration via the diet over 3 months. Project No. 31S0449/89020. Dated 23.03.1992 [cyt. za: RAR 2004].
157. Schulsinger C., Møllgaard K. (1980). Polyvinyl chloride dermatitis not caused by phthalates. Contact Dermatitis 6, 477–480.
158. Seed J.L. (1982). Mutagenic activity of phthalate esters in bacterial liquid suspension assays. Environ. Health Perspect. 45, 111–114.
159. Shahin M.M., Von Borstel R.C. (1977). Mutagenic and lethal effects of α-benzene hexachloride, dibutyl phthalate and trichloro ethylene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutat. Res. 48, 173–180.
160. Shiota K., Chou M.J., Nishimura H. (1980). Embryotoxic effects of di-2-ethylhexyl phthlate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthlalate (DBP) in mice. Environ. Res. 22, 245–253.
161. Shirai M., Wakui S., Wempe M.F. i in. (2013). Male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to in utero di(n-butyl) phthalate: dose dependent and age-related morphological changes in Leydig cell smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Toxicol. Path. 41, 984–991.
162. Short R.D., Robinson E.C., Lington A.W. i in. (1987). Metabolic and peroxisome proliferation studies with di(2-ethylhexel)phthalate in rats and monkeys. Toxicol. Ind. Health 3(2), 185–195.
163. Shultz V.D., Phillips S., Sar M. i in. (2001). Altered gene profiles in fetal rat testes after in utero exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate. Toxicol. Sci. 64, 233–242.
164. Silva M.J., Barr D.B., Reidy J.A. i in. (2003). Glucuronidation patterns of common urinary and serum monoester phthalate metabolites. Arch. Toxicol. 77, 561–567. Erratum in: Arch. Toxicol. 2005, 79, 302.
165. Silva M.J., Barr D.B., Reidy J.A. i in. (2004a). Urinary levels of seven phthalate metabolites in the U.S. population from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2000. Environ. Health Perspect. 112, 331– 338.
166. Silva M.J., Reidy J.A., Herbert A.R. i in. (2004b). Detection of phthalate metabolites in human amniotic fluid. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 72, 1226–1231.
167. Silva M.J., Reidy J.A., Samandar E. i in. (2005). Detection of phthalate metabolites in human saliva. Arch. Toxicol. 11, 647–652.
168. Smith C.C. (1953). Toxicity of butyl state, dibutyl sebacate, dibutyl phthalate and methoxyethyl oleate. AMA Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 7, 310–318.
169. Sneddon I.B. (1972). Dermatitis from dibutyl phthalate in an aerosol antiperspirant and deodorant. Contact Dermatitis Newsl. 12, 308.
170. Spade D.J., Hall S.J., Wilson S. i in. (2015). Di-n-butyl phthalate induces multinucleated germ cells in the rat fetal testis through a nonproliferative mechanism. Biol. Repr. 93(5), 110, 1–10.
171. Srivastava S.P., Srivastava S., Saxena D.K. i in. (1990). Testicular effects of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP): biochemical and histopathological alterations. Arch. Toxicol. 64, 148–152.
172. Swan S.H. (2006). Prenatal phthalate exposure and anogenital distance in male infants. Environ. Heath Perspect. 114, A88–A89.
173. Takahashi T., Tanaka A. (1989). Biochemical studies on phthalic esters. V. Comparative studies on in vitro hydrolysis of di-n-butyl phthalate isomers in rats. Arch. Toxicol. 63, 72–74.
174. Tanaka A., Matsumoto A., Yamaha T. (1978). Biochemical studies on phthalic esters. III. Metabolism of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in animals. Toxicology 9, 109–123.
175. Thompson C.J., Ross S.M., Gaido K.W. (2004). Di(n-butyl) phthalate impairs cholesterol transport and steroidogenesis in the fetal rat testis through a rapid and reversible mechanism. Endocrinology 145, 1227–1237.
176. Thompson C.J., Ross S.M., Hensley J. i in. (2005). Differential steroidogenic gene expression in the fetal adrenal gland versus the testis and rapid and dynamic response of the fetal testis to di(n-butyl) phthalate. Biol. Reprod. 73, 908–917.
177. Tsutsumi T., Ichihara T., Kawabe M. i in. (2004). Renal toxicity induced by folic acid is associated with the enhancement of male reproductive toxicity of di(nbutyl) phthalate in rats. Reprod. Toxicol. 18, 35–42.
178. Vidović R., Kansky A. (1985). Contact dermatitis in workers processing polyvinyl chloride plastics. Derm. Beruf. Umwelt. 33(3), 104–105.
179. Voronin A.P. (1975). Toxicological and hygienic characteristics of the plastifier dibutyl phthalate. In: Toxicology and Hygiene of the Petrochemical and Oil-Refining Products (The Second All-Union Conference), Yaroslav, 1972, 83–88 [cyt. za: RAR 2004].
180. Wakui S., Takahashi H., Mutou T. i in. (2013). Atypical Leydig cells hyperplasia in adult rats with low T and high LH induced by prenatal di(n-butyl) phthalate exposure. Toxicol. Pathol. 41, 480–486.
181. Walseth F., Nilsen O.G. (1984). Phthalate esters. II. Effects of inhaled dibutylphthalate on cytochrome P-450 mediated metabolism in rat liver and lung. Arch. Toxicol. 55, 132–136.
182. Weuve J., Sánchez B.N., Calafat A.M. i in. (2006). Exposure to phthalates in neonatal intensive care unit infants: urinary concentrations of monoesters and oxidative metabolites. Environ. Health Perspect. 114(9), 1424–1231.
183. White R.D., Carter D.E., Earnest D. i in. (1980). Absorption and metabolism of three phthalate diesters by the rat small intestine. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 18, 383–386.
184. Williams D.T., Blanchfield B.J. (1975). The retention, distribution, excretion and metabolism of dibutyl phthalate-7-14C in the rat. J. Agric. Food Chem. 23(5), 854–858.
185. Wine R.N., Li L.H., Barnes L.H. i in. (1997). Reproductive toxicity of di-n-butylphthalate in a continuous breeding protocol in Sprague-Dawley rats. Environ. Health Perspect. 105(1), 102–107.
186. Wittassek M., Wiesmüller G.A., Koch H.M. i in. (2007). Internal phthalate exposure over the last two decades – a retrospective human biomitoring study. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 210, 319–333.
187. Wolf C. Jr, Lambright C., Mann P. i in. (1999). Administration of potentially antiandrogenic pesticides (procymidone, linuron, iprodione, chlozolinate, p,p’-DDE, and ketoconazole) and toxic substances (dibutyl- and diethylhexyl phthalate, PCB 169, and ethane dimethane sulphonate) during sexual differentiation produces diverse profiles of reproductive malformations in the male rat. Toxicol. Ind. Health 15(1–2), 94–118.
188. Zacharewski T.R., Meek M.D., Clemons J.H. i in. (1998). Examination of the in vitro and in vivo estrogenic activities of eight commercial phthalate esters. Toxicol. Sci. 46, 282–293.
189. Zeiger E., Haworth S., Mortelmans K. i in. (1985). Mutagenicity testing of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and related chemicals in Salmonella. Environ. Mutagen. 7, 213–232.
190. Zhang Y., Chen B., Ding X. i in. (2004a). [Reproductive and developmental toxicity of F1 male rats treated with DBP in utero and during lactation]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu [Journal of Hygiene Research] 33, 9–14 [cyt. za: SCOEL 2016].
191. Zhang Y., Jiang X., Chen B. (2004b). Reproductive and developmental toxicity in F1 Sprague-Dawley male rats exposed to di-n-butyl phthalate in utero and during lactation and determination of its NOAEL. Reprod. Toxicol. 18, 669–676.
192. Zhou Y., Fukuoka M., Tanaka A. (1990). Mechanisms of testicular atrophy induced by di-n-butyl phthalate in rats. Part 3. Changes in the activity of some enzymes in the Sertoli and germ cells, and in the levels of metal ions. J. Appl. Toxicol. 10(6), 447–453.
193. Zhou D., Wang H., Zhang J. i in. (2010). Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) exposure induces oxidative damage in testes of adult rats. Sys. Biol. Reprod. Med. 56, 413–419.
194. Zimmermann F.K., von Borstel R.C., von Halle E.S. i in. (1984). Testing of chemicals for genetic activity with Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a report of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Program. Mutat. Res. 133, 199–244.

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MEiN, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2022-2023).

Typ dokumentu

Bibliografia

Identyfikator YADDA

bwmeta1.element.baztech-a5932c18-894e-45cd-a898-77b8f3ce0c03