Environmental Crimes of Early Romanian Communism: Focus on the Enemies of Agriculture

Petrişor, Alexandru-Ionuţ; Tîrzman, Elena

Artykuł - szczegóły

Tytuł artykułu

Environmental Crimes of Early Romanian Communism: Focus on the Enemies of Agriculture

Autorzy

Petrişor Alexandru-Ionuţ , Tîrzman Elena

Treść / Zawartość

Pełne teksty:

Pobierz

Identyfikatory

Warianty tytułu

Przestępstwa środowiskowe wczesnego komunizmu w Rumunii: działania wobec tzw. wrogów rolnictwa

Języki publikacji

Abstrakty

The early beginning of the communist regime in Romania was influenced by transformations of agriculture (including husbandry and fishing), forced to develop intensively (replacing traditional technologies with mechanical ones) and extensively (by taking over natural systems, such as the wetlands). Since the yield did not increase as expected, the conflict with nature was aggravated by finding enemies among the species situated at the top of food chains, blamed for the losses. In order to expedite the outcomes of fighting against these species, media campaigns were developed in parallel with awards given to hunters and people who became part of the war. This paper attempts to correlate the environmental impact of campaigns against certain species with the loss of biodiversity based on statistical data. The analysis indicated that there were direct campaigns to eliminate species conflicting with economy and collateral victims. Each case study illustrates a different point; bustards were eliminated by carelessness (although protected, their status was not enforced); the pelican was eliminated due to insufficient knowledge and contrasting recommendations; and wolf was sentenced to death consciously. The results indicate that although many authors parallel nowadays communist and environmentalist policies, the real communist practices had a strong deleterious environmental impact despite a pro-environmentalist appearance.

Początkom reżimu komunistycznego w Rumunii towarzyszyły istotne transformacje w rolnictwie (odnoszące się m.in. do hodowli i rybołówstwa), będące zarazem intensywne (mechanizacja w miejsce tradycyjnych metod gospodarowania) i ekstensywne (przekształcanie naturalnych ekosystemów, takich jak mokradła). Ponieważ plony nie wzrosły zgodnie z oczekiwaniami, konflikt z naturą został wzmocniony przez poszukiwanie wrogów wśród gatunków znajdujących się na szczycie łańcucha pokarmowego i obwinianie ich winą za straty. W celu poprawy rezultatów walki z tymi gatunkami, przygotowano kampanie medialne, równolegle wprowadzając nagrody dla myśliwych i innych osób, które stały się częścią wojny. W tym artykule, opierając się na danych statystycznych, podjęto próbę połączenia przyrodniczych skutków wspomnianych kampanii z ich wpływem na zmniejszenie bioróżnorodności. Przeprowadzona analiza wykazała, ze wśród przeprowadzonych kampanii medialnych wskazać można na te, które miały na celu wyeliminowanie konkretnych gatunków, nie pasujących do przyjętej ekonomii. Każdy przypadek odzwierciedla inne uwarunkowania; dropie zostały wyeliminowane przez niedbalstwo (chronione tylko formalnie, a nie w rzeczywistości); Pelikan został wyeliminowany z powodu niewystarczającej wiedzy i sprzecznych zaleceń; a wilk został skazany na śmierć świadomie. Należy podkreślić, że choć wielu autorów promuje obecnie politykę komunistyczną i ekologiczną, to rzeczywiste praktyki komunistyczne wywarły zdecydowanie szkodliwy wpływ na środowisko, pomimo ich pozornie proekologicznego wyglądu.

Słowa kluczowe

pelican wolf bustard vulture extinction degradation agriculture

pelikan wilk drop sęp wyginięcie degradacja rolnictwo

Wydawca

Lublin University of Technology

Czasopismo

Problemy Ekorozwoju

Rocznik

2019

Tom

Vol. 14, nr 1

Strony

175--184

Opis fizyczny

Bibliogr. 85 poz., fig.

Twórcy

autor

Petrişor Alexandru-Ionuţ

alexandru.petrisor@uauim.ro

Doctoral School of Urban Planning, Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urban Planning, Str. Academiei 18-20, Bucharest, Romania, 010014

autor

Tîrzman Elena

etirziman@yahoo.com

Department of Managerial Assistance, Administrative Assistance and Applied Information Technology, Faculty of Letters, University of Bucharest, Str. Edgar Quinet 5-7, Bucharest, Romania, 010017

Bibliografia

1. ALMĂŞAN A., 1949, Menace of the wolf, in: Vânătorul, 1(13), p. 3.
2. ALMĂŞAN A., 1950, The wolf destruction campaign, in: Vânătorul şi pescarul sportiv, 2(3), p. 3.
3. ANDRONACHE I., 1954, Hunting as an economic, sportive and scientific factor, General Association of Sportive Hunters and Fishermen in Romania, Bucharest, Romania.
4. ANONYMOUS, 1948, Kill the water birds, in: Foaia pescarului, 2, p. 6.
5. ANONYMOUS, 1949, The pelican, in: Vânătorul, 1(11), p. 7-8.
6. ANONYMOUS, 1951, 30 years of glorious fight for freedom, peace and socialism, in: Probleme agricole, 3(4-6), p. 1-5.
7. ANONYMOUS, 1952, Bustards and ice, in: Vânătorul şi pescarul sportiv, 4(12), p. 5.
8. ANONYMOUS, 1954a, Agenda of sportive hunter and fisherman, in: Vânătorul şi pescarul sportiv, 6(1.
9. ANONYMOUS, 1954b., Contribution of hunters to increasing the amount of widely consumed products, in: Vânătorul şi pescarul sportiv, 6(11), p. 14-15.
10. ANONYMOUS, 1954c, How I killed 161 wolves, in: Vânătorul şi pescarul sportiv, 6(12), p. 21-22.
11. ANONYMOUS, 1955, Let’s intensify the action for combating the predators, in: Vânătorul şi pescarul sportiv, 7(6), p. 2.
12. ANONYMOUS, 1957, 40 years from the Great Socialist Revolution of October, in: Probleme zootehnice şi veterinare, 11, p. 5-10.
13. ANONYMOUS, 1959, 15 years since the liberation of the country, in: Probleme agricole, 11(8), p. 7-13.
14. BARDAN A., 1951, Combating the wolves, in: Vânătorul, 3(10), p. 2.
15. BENEDETTI L., 2015, Romanian hunting law threatens wild birds and violates the Birds Directive, BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK, http://www.birdlife.org/europe-and-central-asia /news/romanian-hunting-law-threatens-wild-birds-and-violates-birds-directive (06.08.2018).
16. BENEDEK K., 2018, Aspects in Romanian Nature Conservation – A Review, in: Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 17(1), p. 95-106.
17. BERNSTEIN T. P., 2014, Mao, Chinese communism, and the USSR, in: Journal of Cold War Studies, 16(2), p. 108-127.
18. BODEA M., 1957, Catching baby wolves at their burrow, in: Vânătorul şi pescarul sportiv, 10(4), p. 12-13.
19. BOTEZAT E., LINŢIA D., 1942, The pelican faces the economic exploitation of the Delta, in: Carpaţii: Vânătoare. Pescuit. Chinologie, 10(1), p. 173-177.
20. C. B., 1954, The bustards, in: Vânătorul şi pescarul sportiv, 6(4), p. 4-5.
21. C. B., 1958, Combating wolves at their burrow, in: Vânătorul şi pescarul sportiv, 7(5), p. 9-10.
22. CĂTUNEANU I. I., 1950a, Current aspects of the bird colonies from the Danube Delta, in: Vânătorul, 2(8), p. 7.
23. CĂTUNEANU I. I., 1950b, Few data on fish-eating birds, in: Vânătorul, 2(7), p. 5-8.
24. CENTRAL DIRECTORATE FOR STATISTICS, 1961, Development of People’s Republic of Romania’s Agriculture, Central Directorate for Statistics, Bucharest, Romania.
25. COZMA I., 1959, The agriculture of People’s Republic of Romania on its ascending trend towards socialism, in: Revista internaţională pentru agricultură, 6, p. 14-25.
26. DĂRĂMUŞ N. R., 2015, Killing the bear with a glance: the gaze of senator Tanczos, in: Kamikaze, 6(29), p. 7.
27. DIMITRIE R., 1952a, Fish-eating birds and their combating, in: Vânătorul, 4(12), p. 12-13.
28. DIMITRIE R., 1952b, Fish-eating birds from Romania and their combating, in: Vânătorul, 4(11), p. 12-13.
29. DIMITRIE R., 1957, The pelican, a species that is getting lost, in: Vânătorul şi pescarul sportiv, 10(4) p. 12-13.
30. EARNHART D., 1997, Enforcement of environmental protection laws under communism and democracy, in: The Journal of Law and Economics, 40(2), p. 377-402.
31. FENEŞAN O., FRĂSIE D., LUCA I., ONICĂ P., ROMANOVICI A., VASCAN O., VASILIU C., 1958, Development of agriculture in People’s Republic of Romania, Editura Agro-Silvică de Stat, Bucharest, Romania.
32. FILIP S., COCEAN P., 2012, Urban industrial brownfields: constraints and opportunities in Romania, in: Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 7(4), p. 165-174.
33. GACHE C., 2013, Environmental ethic values through ecological education in one Romanian master degree program, in: Natura Montenegrina, 12(3-4), p. 1-8.
34. GALAŢCHI N., 1954, Destruction of wolves at their burrow, in: Vânătorul şi pescarul sportiv, 1(13), p. 3.
35. GARE A., 1993, Soviet environmentalism: The path not taken, in: Capitalism Nature Socialism, 4(4), p. 69-98.
36. GAVRILEŢ I., 1957, Forestry and hunting personnel in the wolf combating action, in: Vânătorul şi pescarul sportiv, 10(1), p. 15.
37. GENERAL ASSOCIATION OF SPORTIVE HUNTERS AND FISHERMEN IN ROMANIA, 1954, Destroying the wolves in their burrows during the spring and summer, General Association of Sportive Hunters and Fishermen in Romania, Bucharest, Romania.
38. GENERAL ASSOCIATION OF SPORTIVE HUNTERS AND FISHERMEN IN ROMANIA, 1955, Destroy the predators, General Association of Sportive Hunters and Fishermen in Romania, Bucharest, Romania.
39. GEORGESCU M., 1970, The bear and wolf in our Carpathians, General Association of Sportive Hunters and Fishermen in Romania, Bucharest, Romania.
40. GHEORGHE D., 2010, Wolves and vultures from Romania, executed as ‘enemies of the people’, in: România liberă, 6082, p. 6.
41. HESKETH T., ZHU W. X., 1997, From Mao to market reform, in: British Medical Journal, 314(7093), p. 1540-1542.
42. HORTA O., 2010, The ethics of the ecology of fear against the nonspeciesist paradigm: a shift in the aims of intervention in nature, in: Between the Species, 13(10), p. 163-187.
43. IACOBI R., 1956, Enemy of the hunting economy, in: Vânătorul şi pescarul sportiv, 9(1), p. 17, 19.
44. IANOŞ I., PEPTENATU D., ZAMFIR D., 2009, Respect for environment and sustainable development, in: Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 4(1), p. 81-93.
45. IANOŞ I., SÎRODOEV I., PASCARIU G., 2012, Land-use conflicts and environmental policies in two post-socialist urban agglomerations: Bucharest and Chişinău, in: Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 7(4), p. 125-136.
46. IOJĂ I. C., ROZYLOWICZ L., PĂTROESCU M., NIŢĂ M. R., VÂNĂU G. O., 2011, Dog walkers’ vs. other park visitors’ perceptions: The importance of planning sustainable urban parks in Bucharest, Romania, in: Landscape and Urban Planning, 103(1), p. 74-82.
47. IOTICI N., 1949, Let’s prepare for combating the wolves , in: Vânătorul, 13(1), p. 7-8.
48. JONES K., 2010, From Big Bad Wolf to Ecological Hero: Canis Lupus and the Culture(s) of Nature in the American-Canadian West, in: American Review of Canadian Studies, 40(3), p. 338-350.
49. JONES K., 2011, Writing the Wolf: Canine Tales and North American Environmental-Literary Tradition, in: Environment and History, 17(2), p. 201-228.
50. KHABIBULLOV M., 1991, Crisis in Environmental Management of the Soviet Union, in: Environmental Management, 15(6), p. 749-763.
51. LAMPTON D. M., 1972, Public health and politics in China’s past two decades, in: Health Services Reports, 87(10), p. 895-904.
52. LASSWELL H. D., 1951, The Strategy of Soviet Propaganda, in: Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, 24(2), p. 66-78.
53. LAZĂR F., 1953, Destruction of wolves, a communitarian action, in: Vânătorul, 5(12), p. 3-4.
54. LECOURT D., 1977, Proletarian science?, NLB, London, UK.
55. LOFTIN R. W., 1984, The Morality of Hunting, in: Environmental Ethics, 6(3), p. 241-250.
56. MANTEJFEL P. A, LARIN S. A., 1951, Wolves and their combating, Physical Culture and Sport Press, Bucharest, Romania.
57. MARINESCU B., COMAN C., 2010, The ethics of animals testing, in: Romanian Journal of Bioethics, (8)3, p. 197-204.
58. MAZURSKY K. R., 1991, Communism and the Environment, in: Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy, 5(4), p. 39-44.
59. MELIAN I., TODERAŞ I., CIOCÎRLAN V., 2005, Birds – systematic, biology, ecology, State University of Moldova, Chişinău, Moldova.
60. MITTELSTRA J., 2003, The impact of the new biology on ethics, in: Romanian Journal of Bioethics, 1(2), p. 1-8.
61. MURGESCU C. (ed.), 1960, Problems of developing and consolidating the socialist agriculture, Academy of People’s Republic of Romania Press, Bucharest, Romania.
62. NAWROTZKI R. J., 2012, The politics of environmental concern: A cross-national analysis, in: Organization & Environment, 25(3), p. 286-307.
63. NICOLAE S., 1956, Combat the wolves in their burrow, in: Vânătorul şi pescarul sportiv, 9(5), p. 8.
64. OSTERGREN D., JACQUES P., 2002, A Political Economy of Russian Nature Conservation Policy: Why Scientists have Taken a Back Seat, in: Global Environmental Politics, 2(4), p. 102-124.
65. PEPPER D., 1985, Determinism, idealism and the politics of environmentalism – a view point, in: International Journal of Environmental Studies, 26(1-2), p. 11-19.
66. PETRIŞOR A.-I, 2016, Brief critical analysis of concepts used for assessing the market value to ecosystem goods and services in urban and spatial plans, in: Journal of Urban and Landscape Planning, 1-2, p. 98-108.
67. POJOGA I., 1959, Fish culture, State Agriculture and Forestry Press, Bucharest, Romania.
68. POPESCU A., 1955a, Let’s continue the action for combating the wolves in: Vânătorul şi pescarul sportiv, 9(9), p. 20.
69. POPESCU A., 1959, Let’s destroy the wolves, greatest enemies of the game, in: Vânătorul şi pescarul sportiv, 7(2), p. 8.
70. POPESCU E., 1955b, On hunting and agriculture, in: Almanahul vânătorului şi pescarului sportiv, 5, p. 86-88.
71. RĂDULESCU I., 1966, Pelicans as predators and possible vectors of parasitic diseases to hatchery fishes, in: Buletinul Institutului de Cercetări Piscicole, 25(1), p. 75-78.
72. RUDESCU L., 1955, Game and hunting in the Danube Delta, in: Almanahul vânătorului şi pescarului sportiv, 5, p. 152-158.
73. SAVIŢCHI A., 1951, The wolf combating campaign, in: Vânătorul, 3(1), p. 8-10.
74. SCHNELL E., 1948, Decrease of our stag populations, in: Calendar vînătoresc, eds. Witting O., Coresi, Romania, p. 26-31.
75. SCOTT P., 1973, Species Extinction in Birds, in: Bird Study, 20, p. 93-102.
76. SPRENGER J., 2015, An Ocean of Locusts – The Perception and Control of Insect Pests in Prussian Brandenburg (1700-1850), in: Environment and History, 21(4), p. 513-536.
77. STANCA I., 1954, How much does a wolf cost?, in: Vânătorul şi pescarul sportiv, 6(1), p. 19.
78. STANCA I., 1954, How much does a wolf cost?, in: Vânătorul şi pescarul sportiv, 6(1), p. 19.
79. STOICA C., 1957, Decision on the action of destroying wolves from the territory of People’s Republic of Romania, in: Vânătorul şi pescarul sportiv, 10(10), p. 18.
80. ŞUMULEANU B., 1958, Should we protect or destroy the pelican?, in: Buletinul Institutului de Cercetări Piscicole, 17(3), p. 55-58.
81. TAYLOR P. W., 1981, The ethics of respect for nature, in: Environmental Ethics, 3(3), p. 197-218.
82. TEODOREANU E., 2017, Searching for the lost time. A historical climatology sketch, Paideia, Bucharest, Romania.
83. WATTS L. L., 2011, With Friends Like These. The Soviet Bloc’s Clandestine War against Romania, RAO Press, Bucharest, Roma-nia.
84. WATTS L. L., 2013, The First Shall Be Last. Romania and the End of the Cold War, RAO Press, Bucharest, Romania.
85. WITTING O. 1948, Conspectus of the hunting economy, in: Calendar vînătoresc, ed. Witting O., Coresi, Braşov, Romania, p. 20-25.

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu w ramach umowy 509/P-DUN/2018 ze środków MNiSW przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę (2019).

Typ dokumentu

Bibliografia

Identyfikator YADDA

bwmeta1.element.baztech-a4934594-74e8-4d83-bcf2-33182ec969e1