Load shedding and the energy security of Republic of South Africa

• Autorzy: Nowakowska M. , Tubis A.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Studies on energy security can be found in many academic publications and in government and think-tank reports. Main goal of this article is to present the energy system in the Republic of South Africa, to discuss the phenomenon of load shedding and it indication of proposed changes required to existing solutions. Authors based their research on available literature newspapers articles, direct observation and the interviews with the residents of Johannesburg. South African’s economy is the second largest in Africa, just behind Nigeria. It accounts for 24% of continent’s GDP. It is ranked as an upper-middle income economy by the World Bank. The major producer and distributor of electricity in RSA is Eskom, which provides over 95% of the country’s energy usage. Load-shedding, also referred to as rolling blackout, is an intentionally electrical power shutdown. In South Africa it affect entire country.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

load shedding; energy security; Republic of South Africa; blackouts; Eskom

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Bezpieczeństwa i Niezawodności
• Czasopismo: Journal of Polish Safety and Reliability Association
• Rocznik: 2015
• Tom: Vol. 6, No. 3
• Strony: 99--108
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 45 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Nowakowska M.

• General Tadeusz Kościuszko Military Academy of Land Forces, Wrocław, Poland

autor

Tubis A.

• Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland

Bibliografia

• [1] Alhajji, A.F. (2007). What Is Energy Security? Definitions And Concepts. Middle East Economic Survey VOL. L No45 5-November-2007 http://www.mees.com/postedarticles/oped/v50n45 -5OD01.htm
• [2] Ang, B.W., Choong, W.L. & Ng, T.S. (2015). Energy security: Definitions, dimensions and indexes. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 42, p. 1077-1093
• [3] Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (2007) A Quest for Energy Security in the 21st Century: Resources and Constraints, Institute of Energy Economics, Japan
• [4] Barglik, J. & Boryczka, B. (1996). Sytuacja energetyczna i założenia polityki energetycznej Polski do 2010 roku, Drukarnia B&Z, Katowice
• [5] BER, Bureau for Economic Research, http://www.ber.ac.za 01.03.2015
• [6] Byrnes, R.M., ed. (1996). South Africa: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress
• [7] Center for Energy Economics (2008). Energy security quarterly, Huston, TX: USAID
• [8] Centrum Informacji o Rynku Energii, http://www.cire.pl/item,7468,1,0,0,0,0,0,cireokresy-przejsciowe-dla-energetyki--do-2015-i2017.html 15.03.2015
• [9] Chester, L. (2010). Conceptualising energy security and making explicity its polysemic nature. Energy policy 38, 887-895
• [10] City of Cape Town, Electricity, http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/electricity/LS201 5/EG2014_02_AllAreas-s.jpg 01.03.2015
• [11] Crime Stats Simplified, http://www.crimestatssa.com/ 20.03.2015
• [12] Davidson, O., Tyani, L. & Afrane-Okesse, Y. Climat change, Sustainable Development and Energy: Future Perspectives for South Africa. OECD
• [13] de Nooij, M., Koopmans, C. & Bijvoet, C. (2007). The value of supply security. The costs of power interruptions: Economic input for damage reduction and investment in networks. Energy Economics 29, 277-295
• [14] Department of Energy and Climate Change (2006). UK energy sector indicators. Department of Energy and Clima Change, UK
• [15] Dubow S. (2014) Apartheid, 1948-1994, Oxford University Press
• [16] Eberhard, A. & Mtepa, M. (2010). Rationale for restructuring and regulation of „low priced” public utility: case study of Eskom in South Africa. International Journal of Regulation and Governance, no.3 (2), p.80
• [17] Eskom, http://loadshedding.eskom.co.za/ 20.02.2015
• [18] Eze, M.O. (2010). Intelectual history in contemporaty South Africa. Palgrave Macmillian
• [19] Gazeta Prawna, W 2017 r Polska wpadnie w czarną dziurę energetyczną: W bilansie zabraknie aż 1100 MW, http://serwisy.gazetaprawna.pl/energetyka/artykul y/724012,energetyka-bilans-energetyczny.html 15.03.2015
• [20] Ghajar, R.F. & Billinton, R. (2006). Economic costs of power interruptions: a consistent model and methodology. Electrical Power and Energy Systems 28, p. 29-35
• [21] Green, E.C. (2001). Paper – Towards a European strategy for the security of energy supply. Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, European Commission
• [22] GUS, Kierunki rozwoju polskiej statystyki publicznej do 2017 roku, Warszawa 2012, http://bip.stat.gov.pl/gfx/bip/userfiles/_public/bip/ kierunki_rozwoju/bip_kierunki_rozwoju_polskiej _statystyki_publicznej_do_2017.pdf 15.03.2015
• [23] Hanke, S. & Kwok, A. (2009). On the measurement of Zimbabwe’s hyperinflation. Cato Journal, vol. 29, no. 2, p. 353-364
• [24] Hefti, Ch., Staehelin-Witt, E. (2015). Economic Sanctions against South Africa and the Importance of Switzerland, 20.02.2015 http://www.snf.ch/SiteCollectionDocuments/nfp/ nfp42p/nfp42p_staehelin-e.pdf
• [25] Hughes, L. (2009). The four ’R’s of energy security. Energy Policy 37, 2459-2461
• [26] Inglesi, R. (2010). Aggregate electricity demand in South Africa: Conditional forcast to 2030. Applied Energy 87, 197-204
• [27] Intharak, N., Julay, J.H., Nakanish, S., Motsumoto, T. & Mat Sahid, E.J. et al. (2007). [in] Aponte A.A. (ed.) (2007) A quest for energy security in the 21th century, Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre, p.100
• [28] Johansson, B. (2013). A broadened typology on energy and security. Energy 53, 199-205
• [29] Kemmler, A. & Spreng, D. (2007), Energy indicators for tracking sustainability in developing countries. Energy Policy 35, 24662480
• [30] Kruyt, B., van Vuuren, D.P., de Vries, H.J.M. & Groenenberg, H. (2009). Indicators for energy security. Energy Policy 37, 2166-2181
• [31] LaCommare, K.H. & Eto, J.H. (2006). Cost of power interruptions to electricity consumers in the United States (US). Energy 31, 1845-1855
• [32] Lesbirel, S.H. (2004). Diversification and energy security risks: the Japan case. Japanese Journal Political Science 5, p.1-22
• [33] Mail & Guardian Africa’s best read, Nersa: Power crisis cost SA about R50bn, http://mg.co.za/article/2008-08-26-nersa-powercrisis-cost-sa-about-r50bn
• [34] Mbeki, M. (2009). Architects of Poverty: Why African Capitalism Needs Changing. Central Books
• [35] Mbeki, M. (2011). Advocates for change: How to overcome Africa's challenges, Picador Africa
• [36] PSE Operator S.A., Plan rozwoju w zakresie zaspokojenia obecnego i przyszłego zapotrzebowania na energię elektryczną na lata 2010-2025, www.pse.pl/uploads/kontener/Plan_Rozwoju_20 10_2025.pdf 29.03.2015
• [37] South African Police Service, Department of Police, Crime Statistics: April 2013 - March 2014, http://www.saps.gov.za/resource_centre/publicati ons/statistics/crimestats/2014/crime_stats.php, 20.03.2015
• [38] Surtees, R.M. (1998). Electricity demand growth in South Africa and the role of demand side management. Domestic Use of Electrical Energy Conference
• [39] Tempelhoff E. (2015) Koeberg 'human error' cost economy R7.5bn http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Koeberg-humanerror-cost-economy-R75bn 10.02.2015
• [40] The World Bank Data, Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) (% of population), http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.2DA Y, 20.02.2015
• [41] The World Bank Data, South Africa, http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa, 20.02.2015
• [42] Vivolda, V. (2010). Evaluating energy security in the Asia – Pacific regionL a novel methodological approach. Energy Policy 38, 5258-5263
• [43] Vorbrich, R. (2007). Idea konsensusu i tożsamość plemienna a wybory demokratyczne w państwie afrykańskim [in:] Plemię, państwo, demokracja [ed.] R. Vorbrich, Poznań
• [44] Welsh, D. (2010). The rise and fall of apartheid, Jonathan Ball
• [45] Writer, S. (2015). Why we have an electricity crisis, according to Zuma, Business Tech, http://businesstech.co.za/news/general/77859/why -we-have-an-electricity-crisis-according-to-zuma/ 20.02.2015