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Accurate Location of Fiber Cable Fault with OTDR

Treść / Zawartość
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Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
The paper reviews the factors limiting the accuracy of locating a fiber optic cable fault when using an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) and describes an error estimation method for typical use cases. The primary source of errors lies in the complex relationship between the length of the optical fiber (measured by OTDR), its routing, cable design depending on cable design and type of installation (i.e. duct, directly buried, aerial) as well as the spare lengths used for service purposes. The techniques which considerably improve the accuracy of the fault localization processes are presented, the importance of accurate documentation of the network and of referencing the fault location to the nearest splice instead of end of the line are discussed, as is the absence of cable helix factor in data sheets.
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
42--52
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 24 poz., rys.
Twórcy
  • National Institute of Telecommunications, Szachowa 1, 04-894 Warsaw, Poland
  • National Institute of Telecommunications, Szachowa 1, 04-894 Warsaw, Poland
Bibliografia
  • [1] IEC 60304 Ed. 3,”Standard colours for insulation for low-frequency cables and wires", 19821 [Online]. Available: https://webstore.ansi.org/Standards/IEC/IEC60304Ed1982
  • [2] ANSI/TIA-598-D-2014, „Optical Fiber Cable Color Coding", Telecommun. Industry Association (TIA), 2018 [Online]. Available: https://global.ihs.com/doc_detail.cfm?documentname=TIA%2D598&item_s_key=00134525
  • [3] IEC 60794-1-31 Ed 2, „Optical fibre cables - Part 1-31: Generic specification - Optical cable elements - Optical fibre ribbon", 2021 [Online]. Available: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/30731
  • [4] H. Murata, Handbook of Optical Fibers and Cables, 2nd Ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1996 (ISBN: 9780585268972).
  • [5] IEC 60794-1-20, „Optical fibre cables - Part 1-20: Generic specification - Basic optical cable test procedures - General and Definitions [Online]. Available: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/3479
  • [6] Patent WO 03/083518 A2, „Optical fiber cable with controlled helixplus-EFL values and methods therefor", 2003 [Online]. Available: https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2003083518A2
  • [7] Patent US 6859592 B2, „Optical fiber cable with controlled helix values", 2005 [Online]. Available: https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/ce/c8/a1/926b52d292150c/US6859592.pdf
  • [8] IEC 60794-1-31 Ed 2, „Optical fibre cables - Part 1-31: Generic specification - Optical cable elements - Optical fibre ribbon", 2021 [Online]. Available: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/30731
  • [9] ITU-T G.657, „Transmission media and optical systems characteristics - Optical fibre cables - Characteristics of a bending-loss insensitive single-mode optical fibre and cable", 2016 [Online]. Available: https://www.itu.int/rec/dologinpub.asp?lang=s&id=T-REC-G.657-201611-I!!PDF-E&type=items
  • [10] ITU-T L.89, „Design of suspension wires, telecommunication poles and guy-lines for optical access networks", 2012 [Online]. Available: https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-L.89-201202-I
  • [11] Installation Instructions - AFL Optical Ground Wire (OPGW). AFL, ACS-WI-805.06, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://www.bidnet.com/bneattachments?/689129089.pdf
  • [12] S. Karabay, E. A. Güven, and A. T. Ertürk, „Performance testing of an optical ground wire composite", Materials and Technol., vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 119-124, 2013 [Online]. Available: http://mit.imt.si/izvodi/mit131/karabay.pdf
  • [13] D. Złotecka, „Nadmierne zwisy linii WN jako przyczyna awarii w systemach elektroenergetycznych", Przegląd Elektrotechniczny, vol. 94, no. 10, pp. 143-147, 2018 [Online]. Available: http://pe.org.pl/articles/2018/10/33.pdf [in Polish].
  • [14] D. R. Anderson, L. Johnson, and F. G. Bell, „Troubleshooting optical-fiber networks: understanding and using your optical timedomain reectometer", 2nd Ed. Elsevier Academic Press, 2004 (DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-058661-5.X5020-4).
  • [15] J. Laferriere, G. Lietaert, R. Taws, and S. Wolszczak, „Reference guide to fiber optic testing", Viavi Solutions, vol. 1, 2018 [Online]. Available: https://www.normann-engineering.com/support/white papers/_berguide1-bk-fop-tm-ae.pdf
  • [16] R. Dutta and G. Rouskas, CSC/ECE 791B - Survivable Networks Introduction, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., USA: Spring, 2008.
  • [17] ITU-T G.652, „Characteristics of a single-mode optical fibre and cable", 2016 [Online]. Available: https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.652/en
  • [18] IEC 60793-2-50, „Optical fibres - Part 2-50: Product specifications - Sectional specification for class B single-mode fibres", 2015 [Online]. Available: https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info iec60793-2-50%7Bed5.0%7Den.pdf
  • [19] IEC 60793-2-10, „Optical fibres - Part 2-10: Product specifications - Sectional specification for category A1 multimode fibres", 2019 [Online]. Available: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/62020
  • [20] OTDR - Optical Time Domain Reectometer User Guide, EXFO Inc., 2019 [Online]. Available: https://trsrentelcoimagerepository.azureedge.net/trswebsitedata/Specs-Manuals/max740c%20manual-10779-11014.pdf
  • [21] „Explanation of the sources of variation in optical fiber effective group index of refraction values", Corning Inc., AN4091, 2020 [Online]. Available: https://www.corning.com/content/dam/corning/media/worldwide/coc/documents/Fiber/application-notes/AN4091.pdf
  • [22] Corning SMF-28 Ultra Optical Fiber Product Information. PI1424, 2014 [Online]. Available: https://www.corning.com/media/worldwide/coc/documents/Fiber/SMF-28%20Ultra.pdf
  • [23] „AllWave optical Fiber - Zero Water Peak: The industry's first zero water peak single-mode fiber for reliable full-spectrum performance (data sheet)", OFS Fitel, ID: fiber-117, 2017 [Online]. Available: https://fiber-optic-catalog.ofsoptics.com/documents/pdf/AllWave+-ZWP-Fiber-159-web.pdf
  • [24] „AccuCore HCF Fiber Optic Cable and Assemblies (data sheet)", OFS Fitel, 2020 [Online]. Available: https://www.ofsoptics.com/wp-content/uploads/AccuCore-HCF-Fiber-Optic-Cable-Assemblyweb.pdf
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-a180ee63-5e05-4dd9-ad69-2fa1502e965d
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